As one movie heroine said: “A person is betrayed by two circumstances: if he puts stress in words incorrectly ... And he asks stupid questions.” Unlike the false daughters of Professor Tikhomirov, ordinary people do not need to pretend to be someone else, but the advice is not stupid. If not asking all sorts of nonsense is not difficult, then it is often very difficult to pronounce words correctly even in your native language. This is where the orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language can come to the rescue.
and why is it so important to put it right
Before learning more about the orthoepic dictionary, it is worth refreshing your knowledge about such a simple thing as stress. So, stress is the selection with the help of a voice of a certain syllable in a word.
Despite the seemingly insignificant role of stress, the meaning of the word often depends on it.
Features of stress in Russian
In Russian, stress can fall on absolutely any part of a word.
Moreover, when declining the same word for cases, the stress can fall on its different syllables, which increases the chance of making a mistake in pronunciation not only for foreigners, but also for native speakers. In this regard, the main assistant of any person who wants to speak correctly is the spelling dictionary. Emphasis on how to put it in correctly, he will tell you. For example, even the Russians themselves very often mispronounce well-known names of certain foodstuffs, clothing or abstract concepts. But in fact, the emphasis is placed on them as shown in the figure.
The science of orthoepy and orthoepic dictionary - what is it?
The science of orthoepy is engaged in the study of stress in words (the name is translated from Greek as “correct speech”). In addition to stress, this science is engaged in the study, regulation and establishment of orthoepic norms of literary speech.
All data on the correct pronunciation of words and word forms are entered by linguists specializing in orthoepy into special dictionaries called orthoepic dictionaries.
Each language has its own spelling dictionary. This helps foreign language learners to develop and native speakers to improve their own speech.
History of spelling dictionaries
Despite the fact that the science of orthoepy came from Ancient Greece, humanity should be grateful to the Roman Empire for the first orthoepic dictionary. The fact is that, conquering another country and turning it into their province, the Romans declared it official, and the conquered people, willy-nilly, had to teach it. Over time, in the provinces, Latin began to differ from the official one, as the words of the local language of the conquered territory were added to it, and the pronunciation of Latin phrases was greatly distorted. In order to somehow streamline speech and reduce it to one standard, special reference books began to be published in which the correct pronunciation of the most complex Latin words and phrases was recorded. These reference books are considered the first orthoepic dictionaries in history.
With the collapse of the Roman Empire, orthoepy fell on hard times. Only in the 16th-17th centuries in France they began to gradually fight for it. However, at that time, information about the correct pronunciation of words was given in the form of supplements to grammar.
Later, by analogy with Roman reference books, orthoepic phrase books began to be published, which gradually turned into dictionaries.
In the Russian Empire, it was formed by the beginning of the 20th century. By that time, many linguists began to publish their own spelling dictionaries in order to streamline the Russian language.
With the development of radio and television, they began to publish special dictionaries for announcers and presenters, so that their speech was an example for listeners.
With the development of computer programs, spelling dictionaries are gradually becoming relics of the past. Since today, to find out where to put the stress in a particular word, you just need to enter it into an online translator - and you can not only see where the stress is placed in it, but also listen to the correct pronunciation recorded by a native speaker.
Types of orthoepic dictionaries
As you know, all dictionaries are divided into two types:
- Encyclopedic - contain information about various countries, phenomena, historical events and personalities, and more.
- Linguistic - specialized dictionaries containing information about the word (its meaning, spelling, origin, translation, pronunciation, etc.). An orthoepic dictionary is a linguistic view.
To date, all orthoepic dictionaries are divided into two categories: paper and electronic.
Two more separate types can be distinguished - according to what norm this orthoepic dictionary describes. The pronunciation of dialect words of different regions is handled by orthoepic dictionaries of dialects. But how to correctly place the stress according to the norms of literary speech will be prompted by dictionaries of the second type, which everyone uses when they strive to speak correctly.
Sometimes stress dictionaries are distinguished by parts of speech. For example, an orthoepic dictionary of verbs, an orthoepic dictionary of nouns, etc.
Paper spelling dictionaries
Everyone imagines what a paper spelling dictionary is. This is an ordinary book in which words are placed in alphabetical order and it is indicated where they are stressed.
Before the advent of computers, this was the only kind of dictionary. However, now he has a serious competitor - electronic.
Electronic spelling dictionaries
Often paper editions of spelling dictionaries are scanned and digitized. Thus, anyone can download the electronic version of the necessary spelling dictionary and use it, since paper editions are quite expensive, especially rare ones. But such scans are not electronic dictionaries.
Electronic orthoepic dictionary is a specialized program with automated word search. To find out information about the required word, you need to run the program, enter the desired word in the search engine window, and then the system will find it itself.
Such orthoepic dictionaries can be offline (all data is on the installation disk and the Internet is not necessary for work) and online (they do not work without the Internet).
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: history
One of the most famous first orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language was the work of the famous Ukrainian linguist Ivan (Ilarion) Ogienko. In 1911, he published the Dictionary of Stresses in the Russian Language and the Rules of Russian Stress.
According to the traditional version, the history of orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language begins in 1955, when the work of Ruben Avanesov and Sergey Ozhegov "Russian literary pronunciation and stress: a reference dictionary" was published. A little less than 30 years later, the well-known Avanesov's Orthoepic Dictionary was published, which became a desktop guide for many.
In 1960, F. Ageenko and M. Zarva published a specialized orthoepic dictionary for announcers and presenters on radio and television. The same authors in 1993 published an orthoepic dictionary of 76,000 words.
In the mid-80s, R. Khryslova's Dictionary of Russian Language Stresses was published in Minsk. In the same period, S. Borunova published her own spelling dictionary. This edition contained about 63.5 thousand words.
Since the beginning of the 2000s, orthoepic editions began to be actively published again. So, in 2000, the dictionary of Avanesov and Ozhegov was republished. In the same year, M. Studiner published an orthoepic dictionary of 82.5 thousand words. In addition, the authors T. Ivanova and T. Cherkasova published a specialized spelling guide for speakers.
To date, specialized brochures or publications containing complex cases of stress in new words are published more often than orthoepic dictionaries. In addition, many people prefer to create online spelling services because they are cheaper than publishing a book and are easier to maintain and edit.
If the wise Romans had not come up with an orthoepic dictionary in their time, it is not known whether different languages \u200b\u200bwould exist today in general. After all, without a standard for the correct pronunciation of the words of a certain language, in a few decades, residents of different parts of one country would cease to understand each other. As 2000 years ago, the orthoepic dictionary plays an important role today, being the standard of pure and beautiful speech.
In the dictionary of Sergei Ozhegov and Natalia Shvedova we read: “Orthoepy is the rules of literary pronunciation; the very pronunciation. Since there are no stress rules in Russian, it remains to be guided by data from orthoepic dictionaries. You should also not forget that the norms of the Russian language change over time, so the recommendations of different dictionaries may differ.
In the Internet
- Checking the stress on "Charter".
- Russian verbal stress on "Akademik".
Paper dictionaries
Copy of the list from the Gramota.ru website
- Ogienko I. I. Russian literary stress. 2nd ed. 1914.
- Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950; 5th ed. M., 1972.
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress / Ed. R. I. Avanesova, S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1955; 2nd ed. M., 1960.
- Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Accent Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers / Ed. K. I. Bylinsky. M., 1960; 6th ed. correct and additional Ed. D. E. Rosenthal. M., 1985.
- Vorontsova V. L. Russian literary stress of the XVIII - XX centuries. Forms of inflection. M., 1979. (An extensive glossary with comments is attached to the monograph).
- Ageenko F. D. Accents in the names of Moscow and in the geographical names of the Moscow region: Dictionary-reference book. M., 1983.
- Borunova S. N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. OK. 63500 words / Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983.
- Khryslova R. V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language. Minsk, 1986.
- Ageenko F. L., Zarva M. V. Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language: about 76,000 dictionary units. M., 1993.
- Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties: Ok. 15000 words. M., 1997.
- Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. SPb., 2000. The dictionary includes words that, as a result of historical changes, exist in our speech in two versions: in the old and new, as well as new words, the pronunciation of which has not yet been established.
- Ivanova T. F., Cherkasova T. A. Russian speech on the air. Comprehensive handbook. M., 2000.
- Dictionary of stresses of the Russian language: 82500 dictionary units / Ed. M. A. Studiner. M., 2000. The dictionary includes difficult cases of stress both in common nouns and in proper names. Of the equal accent and pronunciation options coexisting in the modern Russian literary language, it always gives only one option.
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983; 5th ed., rev. and additional M., 1989; 8th ed., rev. and additional M., 2000. The dictionary was created as a result of a radical revision of the book "Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress" edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1955) - the first Russian dictionary of orthoepic type. The “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” was preceded by the earlier published book “Russian Literary Pronunciation” by R. I. Avanesov (5th ed. M., 1972).
- Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of Modern Russian Pronunciation and Stress: A Brief Reference Dictionary. M., 2003.
- Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of accents for radio and television announcers. M., 2003.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language - a dictionary of Russian words indicating their literary pronunciation and stress. Often orthoepic dictionaries and stress dictionaries are considered equivalent. However, the correct pronunciation of some words of the Russian language reflects precisely the orthoepic dictionary, as it notes the unpronounceable consonants in the root (sun, agency), the pronunciation [e] instead of [e] (baby, meringue, manager), the use of the letter e instead of e (scam, a not a scam; an engraver, not an engraver), endings in words (demonic, not demonic; visa, not visa), a combination of -ch- (bakery [shn]) and other norms.
List of epic dictionaries indicating the author, title and year of publication:
- Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of Modern Russian Pronunciation and Stress: A Brief Reference Dictionary. M., 2003.
- Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. SPb., 2000.
- Ivanova T. F., Cherkasova T. A. Russian speech on the air. Comprehensive handbook. M., 2000.
- Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova, N. A. Eskova; Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983; 4th ed., ster. M., 1988; 5th ed., rev. and additional M., 1989; 8th ed., rev. and additional M., 2000.
- Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties: Ok. 15000 words. M., 1997.
- Borunova S. N. and others. Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. OK. 63,500 words / Ed. R. I. Avanesova. M., 1983.
- Vorontsova V. L. Russian literary stress of the XVIII - XX centuries. Forms of inflection. M., 1979.
- Russian literary pronunciation and stress / Ed. R. I. Avanesova, S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1955; 2nd ed. M., 1960.
- Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1950; 5th ed. M., 1972
- Ogienko I. I. Russian literary stress. 2nd ed. 1914.
The list of stress dictionaries is given at
SPELLING DICTIONARIES (see. orthoepy) are dictionaries in which the vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language is presented in terms of pronunciation, stress, or the formation of grammatical forms. Such dictionaries reflect the pronunciation codification, i.e. fix the existing orthoepic norms and make them obligatory for all native speakers of a given language.
Russian orthoepic norms have evolved since the 17th century, in the process of formation and development of the Russian national language. Elements of language normalization are also known in earlier eras, but they did not concern oral speech. The value of the unity of pronunciation increases only with the formation of the national language. The first orthoepic mark reflected in explanatory dictionaries already in the 17th century, there was an accent, and the first such dictionary was the Slovene Russian Lexicon and Interpretation of Names by Pamva Berynda (1627). In the next explanatory dictionary - "The Dictionary of the Russian Academy" (1789-1794), - in addition to stress, information is already provided on the pronunciation of many words, despite the fact that phonetic norms had not yet been established by that time. At the same time, the authors recognized the main and leading pronunciation of Moscow and St. Petersburg: “Different pronunciation and stress of words according to the difference in regions, the Academy tried to figure out according to the pronunciation used in the capitals, observing the stress in Slovenian books accepted, until the exact rules for this were discovered” (Dictionary 1789, p. xiii). This dictionary pays special attention to words that have pronunciation variants. Orthoepic information is given in a similar way in all subsequent explanatory dictionaries.
Translation dictionaries 18th century also had an accent on every word - for example, “The trilingual lexicon, that is, Slavonic, Greek and Latin sayings, a treasure from various ancient and new books collected and arranged according to the Slavic alphabet in the rank” by F. Polikarpov (1704). In this dictionary, stress is placed on all words, including the text of the author's introduction - this was the manner of writing at the beginning of the 18th century. In another translation dictionary - “The German-Latin and Russian lexicon is combined with the first beginnings of the Russian language” by E. Weismann (1731) - there are no stresses or other pronunciation marks, however, at the end of the dictionary, the pronunciation of all letters of the Russian alphabet is indicated and for explanation this pronunciation is given some semblance phonetic transcription: Oh fatherotet. Thus, even in the translation dictionaries of the XVIII century. there is information about the Russian pronunciation.
The 19th century gave a new direction to lexicography; dictionaries of difficulties and irregularities. They met the urgent needs of the literate population in maintaining the purity and correctness of Russian speech, and almost all provided information about pronunciation. The first time such a dictionary should be considered the book of A. N. Grech “Reference place of the Russian word. Four Hundred Amendments" (1839), in which, according to the author, "erroneous expressions that have crept into our spoken and written language, words that are pronounced incorrectly or used in their inaccurate meaning" are collected and corrected; At the same time, “no attention is paid to the mistakes of the common people. Most of the omissions are selected from the spoken language of good society” (Dictionary 1839, p. VII). The dictionary contains 400 words, almost half of which have an indication of the correct pronunciation. The following editions of incorrectness dictionaries were:
K. P. Zelenetsky. About the Russian language in the Novorossiysk Territory (Odessa, 1855),
V. Dolopchev. Experience of the Dictionary of Irregularities in Russian Colloquial Speech (1886),
From what? What for? and why? Impoverishment and distortion of Russian speech. Observations by A.B. (1889)
A. N. Grech. Irregularities in Perfect Spoken, Written and Book Russian (1890),
I. I. Ogienko. Dictionary of incorrect, difficult and doubtful words, synonyms and expressions in Russian speech (1912),
A Brief Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language for Press Workers (1968),
Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language / Ed. K. S. Gorbachevich (1973),
Difficulties of the Russian language. Journalist Dictionary / Ed. L. I. Rakhmanova (1974),
D. E. Rozental, M. A. Telenkova. Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language (1976),
L. I. Skvortsov. Do we speak Russian correctly? (1983).
The greatest pronunciation difficulties of the Russian language are associated with stress, therefore, from the beginning of the 20th century. special stress dictionaries:
V. I. Chernyshev. Russian accent. A guide to its study and use (1912),
I. I. Ogienko. Russian literary stress (Kyiv, 1915),
F. L. Ageenko, M. V. Zarva. Stress Dictionary for Radio and Television Workers / Ed. D. E. Rosenthal (first edition - 1951)
Accent Dictionary. To help the announcer / Ed. K. I. Bylinsky (1954).
Actually orthoepic dictionaries appeared only in the second half of the 20th century. The first was the unique orthoepic dictionary-reference book “Russian Literary Pronunciation and Stress”, edited by R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (1959), which was later used as the basis for the creation of the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms” by S. N. Borunova, V. L. Vorontsova and N. A. Eskova (edited by R. I. Avanesov), which includes about 65,000 words and is regularly reprinted with minimal additions and corrections. In the most recent years, three dictionaries of this profile have been published at once:
N. V. Bogdanova, L. A. Verbitskaya, G. N. Sklyarevskaya. Let's talk right! Difficulties of modern Russian pronunciation and stress. Brief dictionary-reference book. SPb., 2002 (about 850 words; the dictionary is focused on modern politicians and opens a whole series of normative dictionaries in a pocket format; the presence of highlighted prohibitory marks attracts attention);
M. L. Kalenchuk, R. F. Kasatkina. Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation. M., 2005 (about 15,000 words; the dictionary contains “words that present any difficulty in pronunciation or stress”, “pronunciation options”, “normative recommendations, including prohibitive marks”, and “interpretations of borrowed, special and rare book words");
T. F. Ivanova. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms. M., 2007 (about 40,000 words; the dictionary “mainly includes words in which errors are most often made”, “reflects the literary pronunciation norm, as well as pronunciation options within this norm”; there are no prohibitive and non-recommended forms in the dictionary, but the reader proposed a new system of recommendation litters").
Currently, the Big Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language is being prepared for publication (authors - M. L. Kalenchuk, L. L. Kasatkin and R. F. Kasatkina), which presents the widest possible range of pronunciation options for each word.
Small spelling dictionaries exist as supplements to some other normative publications:
L. P. Krysin, L. I. Skvortsov. The correctness of Russian speech. Reference Dictionary / Ed. S. I. Ozhegova. M., 1965;
L. A. Verbitskaya. Let's talk right. M., 1993.
The method of presenting orthoepic recommendations in all these dictionaries is diverse: from stressing, including in one grammatical form or another, to the transcriptional representation of a word section that is complex in orthoepic terms and full transcription of the entire word, cf .:
leisureg not properly! dosug
bulletin not properly! bulletin ;
bulletinnya; bulletins;
pl. number bulletinsni, bulletinth
newsletter
chariot, -s [ With b n b ]
sad .
It is important to note that any codification is based on the principle of adequacy to the modern language norm. However, in practice, this principle is constantly violated, codification often lags behind the development of the norm, reflecting yesterday rather than today of our language. This applies to the greatest extent to the pronunciation norm, the codification of which is difficult for a number of reasons: firstly, because of its maximum instability (compared to other language norms) and, secondly, because of the laboriousness of the procedure for establishing the pronunciation norm. That is why in orthoepic dictionaries even of recent years of publication, one can find recommendations for setting stress that do not correspond to the real orthoepic norm - pho lie, toast, yoga rt and under. To overcome this discrepancy between the real norm and its codification, special marks are used in normative dictionaries that mark pronunciation options: additional. (permissible), underdosed. (invalid) outdated. (obsolete) specialist. (special) unfold. (colloquial) no rivers. (not recommended), etc. In the upcoming "Big Orthoepic Dictionary" marks are also introduced senior. and junior. - to indicate the peculiarities of pronunciation of the older and younger age groups of native speakers. Observations on the changing norm, as well as the improvement of existing and the creation of new orthoepic dictionaries, is another important task of modern orthoepy, the solution of which requires more and more new studies of Russian pronunciation.
In any case, orthoepic dictionaries serve as reference aids for everyone who wants to know the correct pronunciation of certain words of the language.
Nouns
agent
alphabet, from Alpha and Vita
airports, fixed stress on the 4th syllable
bows, fixed stress on 1st syllable
beard, win.p., only in this form singular. stress on 1st syllable
accountants, rod.p.mn.ch., motionless. stress on 2nd syllable
religion, from faith to confess
citizenship
hyphen, from German, where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
dispensary, the word came from English. lang. through French, where the blow. always on the last syllable
agreement
document
leisure
heretic
blinds, from French lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
significance, from adj. significant
X, im.p. pl., motionless stress
catalog, in the same row with the words dialogue, monologue, obituary, etc.
quarter, from it. lang., where the stress is on the 2nd syllable
kilometer, on a par with the words centimeter, decimeter, millimeter ...
cones, cones, motionless stress on the 1st syllable in all cases in singular and plural.
self-interest
cranes, fixed stress on 1st syllable
flint, flint, blow. in all forms on the last syllable, as in the word fire
lecturers, lecturers, see the word bow(s)
ski track
localities, genus p.pl., on a par with the word form of honors, jaws ... but news
garbage chute, in the same row with the words gas pipeline, oil pipeline, water pipeline
intention
outgrowth
enemy
ailment
obituary, see catalog
hatred
news, news, but: see localities
nail, nail, motionless. stress in all forms singular.
Adolescence, from Youth-teenager
parter, from French. lang., where is the blow. always on the last syllable
briefcase
handrails
dowry, noun
call, in the same row with the words call, recall (ambassador), convocation, but: Review (for publication)
percent
beet
orphans, im.p.pl., stress in all forms pl. only on the 2nd syllable
funds, im.p.pl.
a statue
carpenter, in the same poison with the words painter, doYar, shkolYar ...
convocation, see call
customs
cakes, cakes
cement
centner
chain
scarves, see bows
chauffeur, on a par with the words kioskёr, controller ...
sorrel
expert, from the French. lang., where the stress is always on the last syllable
Adjectives
correct, short adj. zh.r.
old
significant
most beautiful, excellent
bleeding
kitchen
agility, short adj. zh.r.
mosaic mdimensional
wholesale
perspicacious, short adj. zh.r., on a par with the words cute, fussy, talkative ..., but: gluttonous
plum, derived from plum
Verbs
spoil, on a par with the words spoil, spoil, spoil ..., but: the minion of fate
take-took
take-take
take-took
take-took
turn on, turn on
turn on, turn on
join-merged
break in-break in
perceive-perceived
recreate-recreated
hand-hand over
drive-driven
chasing-chasing
get-dobrala
get-got
wait-wait
call - call
get through
dose
wait-waited
live-lived
cork up
occupied, occupied, occupied,
occupied, occupied
lock up-locked up (with a key, with a lock, etc.)
call-called
call, call, call,
call them
exclude-exclude
exhaust
lay-lay
glue
sneak-stalked
bleed
lie-lie
pour-lila
pour-poured
lie-lied
endow-endowit
overstrained-overstrained
name-named
bank-roll
pour-poured
narwhal-narwhala
litter-litter
start-started, started, started
call-call-call
facilitate-facilitate
drenched-drenched
hug-hugged
overtake-overtaken
rip-off
encourage
cheer up - cheer up
exacerbate
borrow-borrow
embitter
paste over
surround-surround
seal, in the same row with the words form, normalize, sort ...
vulgarize - vulgarize
inquire - inquire
depart-departed
give-gave
turn-off
recall-revoked
responded-responded
call back-call back
transfuse-transferred
fruit
repeat-repeat
call-called
call-call-call
pour-watered
put-put
understand-understood
send-sent
arrive-arrived-arrived-arrived
accept-accepted-accepted
force
tear-torn
drill-drill-drill
take off-taken off
create-created
pluck-plucked
litter-litter
remove-remove
speed up
deepen
strengthen-strengthen
scoop
pinch-pinch
click
Communions
pampered
enabled-enabled, see relegated
delivered
folded
busy-busy
locked-locked
inhabited-inhabited
spoiled, see spoiled
feeding
bleeding
praying
amassed
acquired-acquired
having poured
poured
hired
started
started
relegated-reduced, see included…
encouraged-encouraged-encouraged
aggravated
defined-defined
disabled
repeated
divided
understood
adopted
tamed
lived
removed-removed
bent
Participles
indulging
clogged
started
starting
having given
raising
having understood
arrived
Adverbs
in time
white
to the top
utterly
bottom
dry
enviably, in the meaning of the predicate
ahead of time, colloquial
before dark
after dark
Isstari
prettier, adj. and adv. in comp.
up
over a long time
for a long time