The first scientists who seriously studied the biosphere were Jean Lamarck and Eduard Suess. Vladimir Vernadsky was the first to propose a holistic, unified doctrine of the biosphere.
Within the lithosphere: the upper part of the earth's crust, in depth - 3-7 meters. Hydrosphere: the lower boundary is the bottom of the deepest depression, 10-12 km. Atmosphere: up to the height of the ozone layer, there is no life above.
The basis of the structure is all living organisms that process various substances and form a biogenic mass. Inert and bio-inert matter - are formed with the participation of living organisms and without it. The composition of the "living shell" includes products of cosmic origin, radioactive decay.
The source of change is solar energy. Substance in the biosphere is in a solid, liquid, gaseous state. Characterized by a constant circulation of matter.
Biomass is a collection of organisms that belong to the same species. Calculated per unit area, volume. Distinguish biomass of animals, fungi, plants. Different natural zones are differently filled with biomass. For a certain period, biomass forms biological products.
Patterns of biomass distribution: plants are mainly located on land; there are more animals in the ocean than on land; There are more plants on land than animals.
Groups of organisms by importance in the processing of organics: producers - using chemical or solar energy, synthesize organics from inorganics; consumer - transform organic matter, feeding on it; reducer - turn dead organic matter into minerals.
The megabiosphere is a space of mutual influence of animate and inanimate nature.
The artebiosphere is a layer of human expansion. Together with the megabiosphere, it forms the panbiosphere.
Hydrobiosphere - all the waters in the world, except for underground, where there is life. Here, in the Archean era, life originated. There are 2 layers - bright photosphere, twilight dysphotosphere, dark aphotosphere.
The aerobiosphere is the air space inhabited by living organisms. Located in the troposphere.
Geobiosphere - life within the earth: phytosphere, pedosphere, lithobiosphere, hypoterrabiosphere, tellurobiosphere.
The first organisms were protozoa, unicellular. The end of the Archean era is the appearance of multicellular organisms.
Man masters space - this space is beginning to be called the "artificial biosphere". There are plans to explore Mars and the Moon.
The basis of Vernadsky's teachings: living organisms have a planetary influence. Objects that have already been under the influence of man form the noosphere, the "sphere of the mind." The development of science should turn the planet into the realm of reason. Human influence must become a decisive, creative factor.
(from other Greek βιος - life and σφαῖρα - sphere, ball)- the shell of the Earth, inhabited by living organisms, under their influence and occupied by the products of their vital activity; "film of life"; global ecosystem of the Earth.
French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck at the beginning of the 19th century. for the first time proposed in fact the concept of the biosphere, without even introducing the term itself. The term "biosphere" was proposed by an Austrian geologist and paleontologist Eduard Suess in 1875.
Eduard Suess
A holistic doctrine of the biosphere was created by a biogeochemist and philosopher V. I. Vernadsky. For the first time, he assigned to living organisms the role of the main transforming force of the planet Earth, taking into account their activity not only at the present time, but also in the past.
V.I.Vernadsky
Biosphere IN AND. Vernadsky named the area of our planet in which life exists or has ever existed and which is constantly exposed or has been exposed to living organisms (the upper part of the lithosphere, the hydro- and troposphere).
That part of the biosphere where living organisms are currently found is usually called the modern biosphere or neobiosphere, and the ancient biospheres are referred to as paleobiospheres, or former biospheres.
Relatively young shell of the Earth. Its formation is connected with the appearance of life on our planet. The question of the origin of life has long interested man. Various hypotheses have been put forward. Scientists currently believe that life originated in water, since on land at that time there were strong temperature drops, active volcanic activity, earthquakes.
The boundaries of the biosphere are determined by physicochemical conditions favorable for the existence of life:
Upper limit in the atmosphere: 15 – 20 km. It is determined by the ozone layer, which blocks short-wave ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to living organisms.
The boundary between the atmosphere and the lithosphere in the hydrosphere: 10-11 km. Determined by the bottom of the World Ocean, including bottom sediments.
Lower boundary in the lithosphere :
3.5-7.5 km. It is determined by the temperature of the transition of water into steam and the temperature of denaturation of proteins, however, in general, the spread of living organisms is limited to a depth of several meters.
The highest concentration of living organisms is observed at the interfaces of the main media:
- in soil
- in the surface layers of the ocean
- at the bottom of the ponds
Places of the highest concentration of organisms in the biosphere - films of life. This concept was introduced by Vernadsky.
The shell of the Earth, the composition, structure and energy of which are determined by the combined activity of living organisms.
(or the sphere of life of the Earth), does not occupy a separate position, but is located within other shells - geospheres.
Aerobiosphere. The substrate for life in the atmosphere of microorganisms (aerobionts) is water droplets - atmospheric moisture, the source of energy - solar energy and aerosols.
Roughly from the tops of the trees to the height of the most frequent location of cumulus clouds, the tropobiosphere extends.
A layer of extremely sparse microbiota extends above - the altobiosphere (with altobionts).
Above that stretches the space where organisms enter randomly and infrequently and do not reproduce - the parabiosphere. Above is the apobiosphere.
Geobiosphere inhabited by geobionts, the substrate, and partly the environment of life for which the earth's firmament serves.
In the depths of the lithosphere, there are 2 theoretical levels of the spread of life - an isotherm of 100 ° C, below which water boils at normal atmospheric pressure, and an isotherm of 460 ° C, where at any pressure water turns into steam, that is, it cannot be in a liquid state.
hydrobiosphere- the entire global layer of water (without groundwater), inhabited by hydrobionts - breaks up into a layer of continental waters - the aquabiosphere (with aquatic organisms) and the area of seas and oceans - the marinobiosphere (with marinobionts). There are 3 layers - a relatively brightly illuminated photosphere, always a very twilight disphotosphere (up to 1% of solar insolation) and a layer of absolute darkness - the aphotosphere.
Vernadsky singled out in the biosphere 7 different components geologically related to each other.
Living matter- the totality of living organisms on Earth.
- There are up to 30 million species, but ~1.8 million species are reliably described;
- ~ 74% lives in areas of tropical climate, temperate climate accounts for 24%, polar - 2%.
The total mass of living organisms is estimated at 2.43 10 12 tons.
BIOSPHERE(from bio... and sphere), an area of active life, covering the lower part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. In the biosphere, living organisms (living matter) and their habitat are organically connected and interact with each other, forming an integral dynamic system.
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Biosphere, its boundaries Lesson No. 1 GOU secondary school No. 1740 Zelenograd educational district of Moscow Biology teacher Gorbatenkova Natalia Vladimirovna 2007
BIOSPHERE General information BIOSPHERE (from bio... and sphere), an area of active life, covering the lower part of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. In the biosphere, living organisms (living matter) and their habitat are organically connected and interact with each other, forming an integral dynamic system.
A bit of history The term "biosphere" was introduced in 1875 by E. Suess. The doctrine of the biosphere as an active shell of the Earth, in which the combined activity of living organisms (including man) manifests itself as a geochemical factor of planetary scale and significance, was created by V. I. Vernadsky (1926).
ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE (from the Greek. tropos - turn and sphere), the lower, main layer of the atmosphere up to a height of 8-10 km in polar, 10-12 km in temperate and 16-18 km in tropical latitudes. More than 1/5 of the total mass of atmospheric air is concentrated in the troposphere, turbulence and convection are highly developed, the predominant part of water vapor is concentrated, clouds arise, cyclones and anticyclones develop.
STRATOSPHERE (from Latin stratum - layer and sphere), the layer of the atmosphere lying above the troposphere from 8-10 km in high latitudes and from 16-18 km near the equator to 50-55 km. The stratosphere is characterized by an increase in temperature with height from -40 °C (-80 °C) to temperatures close to 0 °C, low turbulence, an insignificant content of water vapor, and an increased ozone content compared to the lower and upper layers.
MESOSPHERE, a layer of the atmosphere at an altitude of 50 to 80-85 km, located above the stratosphere. It is characterized by a decrease in temperature with a height of approximately from 0 ° C at the lower boundary to -90 ° C at the upper one. THERMOSPHERE, a layer of the atmosphere above the mesosphere from heights of 80-90 km, the temperature in which rises to heights of 200-300 km, where it reaches values of the order of 1500 K, after which it remains almost constant up to high altitudes.
EXOSPHERE (from exo ... and sphere) (scattering sphere), the outer layer of the atmosphere, starting from a height of several hundred kilometers, from which fast moving light hydrogen atoms can fly out (escape) into outer space.
LITHOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE (from litho... and sphere), the outer sphere of the "solid" Earth, including the earth's crust and the upper part of the underlying upper mantle. Its thickness is 70 km. The main boundaries of life do not exceed 6-8 meters.
Earth's crust EARTH'S CRUST, the upper shell of the "solid" Earth, bounded from below by the Mohorovichic surface. There are continental crust (thickness from 35-45 km under the plains to 70 km in the mountains) and oceanic (5-10 km). In the structure of the first there are three layers: the upper sedimentary, middle, conditionally called granite, and the lower basalt; the granite layer is absent in the oceanic crust, and the sedimentary layer has a reduced thickness.
Upper mantle UPPER MANTLE, the shell of the Earth that underlies the Earth's crust from the Mohorovic surface to a depth of ca. 900 km. It is presumably composed of pyrolite, partly eclogite, in the upper mantle they distinguish the asthenosphere and the Golitsyn layer. In the upper mantle, processes are developing that are associated with tectonic, magmatic and metamorphic phenomena in the earth's crust.
HYDROSPHERE HYDROSPHERE (from hydro ... and sphere), the totality of all water bodies of the globe: oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. Often, the hydrosphere refers only to the oceans and seas.
Ocean OCEAN (Greek Okeanos) (World Ocean), a continuous water shell of the Earth, surrounding the continents and islands and characterized by a common salt composition. In essence, the Earth is a water planet, since the World Ocean occupies 70.8% of its territory. In the Northern Hemisphere, the water surface accounts for 60.6%, and in the Southern - 81%. The world ocean is divided by continents into four oceans. The largest and deepest of them is the Pacific Ocean.
Glaciers GLACIERS, moving natural accumulations of ice of atmospheric origin on the earth's surface; are formed in those areas where solid atmospheric precipitation is deposited more than it melts and evaporates. Within the glaciers, areas of nutrition and ablation are distinguished. Glaciers are divided into terrestrial ice sheets, shelf and mountain. The total area of modern glaciers is approx. 16.3 million km2 (10.9% land area), total ice volume approx. 30 million km3.
RIVERS RIVERS, natural water streams flowing in the channel developed by them and fed by surface and underground runoff from their basins. Every river has a source and mouth, or delta. Rivers with tributaries form a river system, the nature and development of which are determined mainly by climate, topography, geological structure and the size of the basin, that is, the adjacent area from which the flow comes (see river basin). Between the river basins there is a border - a watershed.
LAKES LAKES are natural reservoirs in land depressions (hollows) filled within the lake bowl (lake bed) with heterogeneous water masses and not having a one-sided slope. Lakes are characterized by the absence of a direct connection with the oceans. Lakes occupy about 2.1 million km2, or almost 1.4% of the land area. This is about 7 times the surface of the Caspian Sea - the largest lake in the world.
Swamps - a land area with excessive stagnant soil moisture, overgrown with moisture-loving vegetation. Swamps are characterized by the accumulation of undecomposed plant residues and the formation of peat. Bogs are distributed mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in flat areas where permafrost soils are developed, and occupy an area of about 350 million hectares.
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The structure of the biosphere
In the process of evolution, a special shell was formed on Earth - the biosphere (Greek bios "life"). The term was first introduced in 1875 by Eduard Suess (geologist). The doctrine of the biosphere was created in 1926 by V.I. Vernadsky. Vernadsky's teachings are based on ideas about the planetary geochemical role of living matter and about the self-organization of the biosphere. BIOSPHERE
IN AND. Vernadsky for the first time assigned to living organisms the role of the main transforming force of the planet Earth, taking into account their activity not only at the present time, but also in the past. BIOSPHERE
The biosphere (according to Vernadsky) is the earth's shell, the area of existence of living matter. It includes not only living organisms, but also the environment changed by them (oxygen in the atmosphere, rocks of organic origin, etc.). The biosphere is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them. BIOSPHERE
Living matter - a set of organisms Biogenic matter - the result of the vital activity of organisms (gas, coal, limestone, ...) Inert matter - without the participation of organisms Bioinert matter - a joint result of biological and non-biological processes. (soils) Structure of the biosphere
Factor - the cause of the process, which determines its main characteristics. The limiting factor is the reason that restrains the manifestation of the process. limiting factor
The boundaries of the biosphere
The composition of the atmosphere: nitrogen - 78%, oxygen - 21% Carbon dioxide, water vapor, argon, etc. - 1% O 2 - of biological origin The ozone layer is the upper boundary of the biosphere. Atmosphere:
The ozone layer is a part of the stratosphere at an altitude of 12 to 50 km, in which, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, molecular oxygen (O 2) forms ozone (O 3). Absorbs dangerous ultraviolet rays and protects everything living on land from harmful radiation. If not for the ozone layer, then life would not be able to get out of the oceans at all. Ozone layer
Ozone layer
Comparative volumes of water World Ocean - 1300 million km 3; Surface water bodies (rivers, lakes) - 0.182 million km 3 Living organisms - 0.001 million km 3 Glaciers - 24 million km 3 The world's oceans contain 60 times more CO 2 than the atmosphere. HYDROSPHERE
The bulk of organisms lives in the upper layers - the soil. The soil is formed by: Mineral substances; living organisms; Life products. LITHOSPHERE
Noosphere (Greek νόος - "mind" and σφαῖρα - "ball") - the sphere of interaction between society and nature, within which reasonable human activity becomes the determining factor in development (this sphere is also referred to by the terms "anthroposphere", "biotechnosphere") Noosphere
“The biosphere has more than once passed into a new evolutionary state... We are experiencing this even now, over the past 10-20 thousand years, when a person, having developed scientific thought in the social environment, creates a new geological force in the biosphere, which has not been experienced in it. The biosphere has passed or, rather, is moving into a new evolutionary state - into the noosphere - is being processed by the scientific thought of a social person ”V.I. Vernadsky Noosphere
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Lesson Mechanisms of sustainability of the biosphere. Man as an inhabitant of the biosphere. Grade 10
Lesson prepared for grade 10. Purpose: to find out by what mechanisms the biosphere maintains its structure and nature of connections, to determine the role of man in the biosphere. The lesson includes a test...
Biosphere. The biosphere (from the Greek βιος life and σφα ρα sphere) is the shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms, under their influence and occupied by the products of their vital activity; "film of life"; global ecosystem of the Earth. The term "biosphere" was introduced into biology by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck at the beginning of the 19th century. About 60 years ago, the outstanding Russian scientist Academician V.I. Vernadsky developed the doctrine of the biosphere. He extended the concept of the biosphere not only to organisms, but also to the environment. He revealed the geological role of living organisms and showed that their activity is the most important factor in the transformation of the mineral shells of the planet. He wrote: "On the earth's surface there is no chemical force more constantly acting, and therefore more powerful in its final consequences, than living organisms taken as a whole."
The boundaries of the biosphere. The biosphere is located at the intersection of the upper part of the lithosphere, the lower part of the atmosphere and occupies the entire hydrosphere. Upper limit (atmosphere): 15÷20 km. Lower boundary (lithosphere): 3.5÷7.5 km. Lower boundary (hydrosphere): 10÷11 km. Atmosphere (from the Greek ατμός steam and σφα ρα sphere) is the gaseous shell of a celestial body held around it by gravity. The lithosphere (from the Greek λίθος stone and σφαίρα sphere) is the solid shell of the Earth. The hydrosphere (from the Greek Yδωρ water and σφα ρα ball) is the totality of all the water reserves of the Earth.
The composition of the biosphere: Living matter formed by the totality of living organisms that inhabit the Earth. It is one of "the most powerful geochemical forces on our planet". Living matter is distributed within the biosphere very unevenly. Biogenic substance is a substance created in the process of vital activity of organisms (atmospheric gases, coal, limestone, etc.) Inert substance is a substance in the formation of which life does not participate; solid, liquid and gaseous. Bioinert substance, which is a joint result of the vital activity of organisms and abiogenic processes. Such are soil, silt, weathering crust, etc. A substance in radioactive decay A substance of cosmic origin.
Past and future of the biosphere. Modern man was formed about 30 thousand years ago. Since that time, a new factor, the anthropogenic factor, began to operate in the evolution of the biosphere. The first culture created by man is the Paleolithic. The economic basis of the life of human society was the hunting of large animals. Intensive extermination of large herbivores led to a rapid reduction in their numbers and the extinction of many species. In the next era (Neolithic) - the process of food production is becoming increasingly important. The first attempts were made to domesticate animals and breed plants. Fire is widely used. Population growth, a leap in the development of science and technology over the past two centuries, has led to the fact that human activity has become a planetary factor. Over time, the biosphere becomes more and more unstable.
Man and the biosphere. Now man is using an increasing part of the planet's territory and increasing amounts of mineral resources. Mankind intensively consumes living and mineral natural resources. This use of the environment has its negative consequences. In accordance with the population density, the degree of human impact on the environment also changes. With the current level of human development, the activities of society have a very strong impact on the biosphere.
consequences of human activity. Air pollution. Polluted air is harmful to health. Harmful gases, combined with atmospheric moisture, fall out in the form of acid rain, degrade soil quality and reduce crop yields. The main causes of air pollution are the combustion of fossil fuels and metallurgical production. Fresh water pollution. The use of water resources is rapidly increasing. The constant increase in water consumption on the planet leads to the danger of "water hunger", which necessitates the development of measures for the rational use of water resources. Pollution of the oceans. With river runoff, as well as from maritime transport, pathogenic wastes, oil products, salts of heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, including pesticides, enter the seas. Radioactive contamination of the biosphere. The problem of radioactive contamination arose in 1945 after the explosion of atomic bombs dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear weapons tests carried out before 1963 in the atmosphere caused global radioactive contamination. During the explosion of atomic bombs, very strong ionizing radiation occurs, radioactive particles are scattered over long distances, infecting the soil, water bodies, and living organisms. Also, during a nuclear explosion, a huge amount of fine dust is formed, which is kept in the atmosphere and absorbs a significant part of solar radiation. Calculations by scientists around the world show that even with limited use of nuclear weapons, the resulting dust will retain most of the solar radiation. There will be a long cold snap ("nuclear winter"), which will inevitably lead to the death of all life.
Protection of Nature. Nowadays, the problem of rational use of natural resources, nature protection has become of great importance. The Company takes the necessary measures to protect and rationally use the land and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to keep the air and water clean, to ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve the human environment. For harmful substances in the atmosphere, maximum permissible concentrations are legally established that do not cause tangible consequences for humans. In order to prevent air pollution, measures have been developed to ensure the correct combustion of fuel, the installation of treatment facilities at industrial enterprises. In addition to the construction of sewage treatment plants, a search is underway for a technology in which the generation of waste would be minimized. The same goal is served by improving the design of cars, switching to other types of fuel, the combustion of which produces less harmful substances. Domestic and industrial wastewater is subjected to mechanical, physico-chemical and biological treatment. Wastewater treatment does not solve all problems. Therefore, more and more enterprises are switching to a new technology - a closed cycle, in which purified water is again supplied to production. New technological processes make it possible to reduce water consumption by dozens of times. Preservation of flora and fauna contributes to the organization of reserves and reserves. In addition to protecting rare and endangered species, they serve as a basis for the domestication of wild animals with valuable economic properties. Reserves also serve as centers for the resettlement of animals that have disappeared in the area, or for the purposes of enriching the local fauna. In Russia, the North American muskrat has taken root well, giving valuable fur. In the harsh conditions of the Arctic, the musk ox, imported from Canada and Alaska, successfully breeds. The number of beavers, which almost disappeared in our country at the beginning of the century, has been restored.
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky () an outstanding Russian and Soviet scientist of the 20th century, naturalist, thinker and public figure; founder of many scientific schools. Vladimir Vernadsky was a second cousin of the famous Russian writer Vladimir Korolenko. Vernadsky's activities had a huge impact on the development of the Earth sciences. As chairman of the Commission for the Study of the Natural Production Forces of Russia, he was one of the creators of the GOELRO plan (State Commission for the Electrification of Russia). In 1927, he organized the Department of Living Matter at the USSR Academy of Sciences. However, he used the term "living matter" as the totality of living organisms of the biosphere. He founded the new science of biogeochemistry. Of the philosophical achievements of Vernadsky, the most famous was the doctrine of the noosphere.
The doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere. In the structure of the biosphere, Vernadsky singled out seven types of matter: biogenic inert bioinert matter in the stage of radioactive decay; scattered atoms; matter of cosmic origin. Vernadsky considered an important stage in the irreversible evolution of the biosphere to be its transition to the stage of the noosphere. The noosphere is the sphere of interaction between society and nature, within which reasonable human activity becomes the determining factor in development. According to Vernadsky, “in the biosphere there exists a great geological, perhaps cosmic force, the planetary action of which is usually not taken into account in ideas about the cosmos. This force is the mind of man, his striving and organized will as a social being. The main prerequisites for the emergence of the noosphere: the spread of Homo sapiens over the entire surface of the planet and its victory in competition with other biological species; development of planetary communication systems, creation of a unified information system; discovery of such new sources of energy as nuclear. the increasing involvement of people in science, which also makes humanity a geological force.
CONCLUSION. Careful attitude to the biosphere not only preserves it, but also gives a significant economic effect. HOWEVER, humanity in its quest to improve the conditions of existence is constantly changing nature, without thinking about the consequences. For example, modern man has increased the volume of pollutants familiar to nature so much that it does not have time to process them. Some contaminants cannot be recycled. Therefore, the "refusal" of the biosphere to process the fruits of human activity will inevitably act as an ever-growing ultimatum factor in relation to man. The future of man as a biological species is predictable: an ecological crisis and a decline in numbers.
