Music theory. short dictionary of musical terms. Musical terms Italian dictionary of musical terms online

Music terminology is the foundation of contemporary performing arts. Without terms, it is impossible to write down notes, and without notes, a professional musician or singer will not be able to play or sing. The terms are academic - they do not change with time and do not become a thing of the past. Invented over three hundred years ago, they are still relevant.

Fundamental most famous terms in music:

• Arpeggio- alternating the notes of a chord sequentially, when the sounds line up one after the other.
• Aria- a vocal work, part of an opera, performed with the accompaniment of an orchestra.
• Variations- an instrumental work or its excerpts, performed with various complications.
• Gamma- alternation of notes in a certain order, but without mixing, up or down to an octave repetition.
• Range- the interval between the lowest and highest sound of an instrument or voice.
• Scale- sounds arranged in a row in height, similar to the scale. The scale may be present in musical works or in their fragments.
• Cantata- a work for concert performance by an orchestra, soloists or choir.
• Clavier- Arrangement of a symphony or opera for interpretation on the piano or for singing with piano accompaniment.
• Opera- the most important musical genre that combines drama and music, music and ballet.
• Prelude- introduction before the main piece of music. It can be used as an independent form for a small work.
• Romance- a work for vocal performance with accompaniment. It has a romantic mood, melody.
• Rondo- repetition of the main theme of the work with the inclusion of other accompanying episodes between refrains.
• Symphony- a work performed by an orchestra in four parts. Based on the principles of sonata form.
• Sonata- an instrumental work of complex form from several parts, one of which dominates.
• Suite- a piece of music from several parts, different in content and contrasting with each other.
• Overture- an introduction to the work, briefly revealing the main content. Orchestral overtures, as a rule, are an independent piece of music.
• piano- a unifying name for instruments that act on the principle of hitting a hammer on a string by means of a key.
• Chromatic scale- a scale of semitones, formed by filling intermediate semitones of large seconds.
• Texture- a way of expressing music. Main types: piano, vocal, choral, orchestral and instrumental.
• Key- characteristic of the fret in height. Tonality is distinguished by key accidental signs that determine the composition of sounds.
• Third- three step interval.
• Major third- a two-tone interval.
• Minor third- an interval of one and a half tones.
• Solfeggio– classes on the principle of tutoring with the aim of developing an ear for music and its further development.
• Scherzo- a musical sketch of a light, playful character. May be included in a major piece of music as an integral part of it. It can also be an independent piece of music.

Terms that define the style and genres of music:

• Adagio(adagio) - calmly, slowly.
• Ajitato(adgitato) - excited, excited, impulsive.
• Andante(andante) - measuredly, slowly, thoughtfully.
• Appassionato(appassionato) - lively, with passion.
• Accelerando(accelerando) - increasing the pace, accelerating.
• Kalyando(calando) - with fading, reducing speed and reducing pressure.
• Cantabile(cantabile) - melodiously, singsongly, with feeling.
• Con dolcherezza(con dolcherezza) - softly, with tenderness.
• Conforza(con forza) - with force, assertively.
• Decrescendo(decrescendo) - gradually reducing the strength of the sound.
• Dolce(dolce) - gently, with sweetness, softly.
• Doloroso(doloroso) - with sadness, plaintively, with despair.
• Forte(forte) - loudly, with force.
• Fortissimo(fortissimo) - very strong and loud, thunderous.
• Largo(largo) - widely, freely, slowly.
• Legato(legato) - smoothly, calmly, serenely.
• Lento(lento) - slowly, slowing down even more.
• Leggiero(legiero) - easily, smoothly, thoughtlessly.
• Maestoso(maestoso) - majestically, solemnly.
• Mysterioso(misterioso) - quiet, mysterious.
• Moderato(moderato) - moderately, with an arrangement, slowly.
• Piano(piano) - quiet, not loud.
• Pianissimo(pianissimo) - very quiet, muffled.
• Presto(presto) - fast, intense.
• sempre(sempre) - permanently, without changing.
• Spirituoso(spirituozo) - spiritually, with feeling.
• Staccato(staccato) - abruptly.
• Vivace(vivace) - lively, soon, non-stop.
• vivo(vivo) - tempo, intermediate between presto and allegro.

Music terminology of a technical nature:

• Treble clef- a special icon placed at the beginning of the musical scale, indicating that the note of the first octave "sol" is on the second line of the staff.
• Bass clef- an icon confirming the location of the note "fa" of a small octave on the fourth line of the stave.
• Natural- an icon indicating the cancellation of the action of the signs "flat" and "sharp". It is a sign of alteration.
• Sharp- an icon indicating a rise in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Flat- an icon indicating a decrease in sound by a semitone. It is a sign of alteration.
• double sharp- an icon indicating an increase in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
• double flat- an icon indicating a decrease in sound by two semitones, a whole tone. It is a sign of alteration.
• Zatakt- an incomplete measure that gives rise to a piece of music.
• Signs, abbreviating musical notation, serve to simplify the musical notation in case of its vastness. The most common: tremolo, reprise sign, melismatic signs.
• quintol- a form of five notes, replacing the usual group of four notes, the designation is the number 5, under or above the notes.
• Key- an icon indicating the place of sound recording on the musical ruler in relation to other sounds.
• Key signs- accidentals, affixed next to the key.
• Note- an icon placed on one of the rulers of the musical staff or between them, indicating the pitch and duration of the sound.
• stave- five parallel lines for placing notes. Notes are arranged from bottom to top.
• Score- a musical notation, separate for each participant in the performance of the work, taking into account the compatibility of voices and instruments.
• reprise- an icon indicating the repetition of any part of the work. Repetition of the fragment with some changes.
• step- designation of the order of arrangement of the sounds of the fret, indicated by Roman numerals.

Authentic– 1) authentic cadence in the major-minor system: a sequence of dominant and tonic chords; 2) in the medieval modal system - a mode, the range of which is built from the main tone up an octave.

Adagio(adagio) - 1) designation of tempo: slowly (slower than andante, but more mobile than largo); 2) a part of a work or a separate piece at a given tempo.

Adagissimo(adajissimo) - tempo designation: very slowly.

ad libitum(ad libitum) - "at will": an indication that allows the performer to freely vary the tempo or phrasing, as well as skip or play part of the passage (or other fragment of musical text); abbreviated ad. lib.

Agitato(ajitato) - designation of expressiveness: "excitedly."

A cappella(a cappella) is a term referring to choral music intended to be performed without instrumental accompaniment.

Accolade- a curly bracket that combines several musical staves.

Chord- joint sounding of several interconnected tones.

Chord progression - the movement of chords according to certain principles.

Aleatorica- a modern method of composition based on the introduction of elements of chance into the structure of the work.

Alla Breve(alla breve) - time signature designation (): fast performance of two-part meters, in which the score is kept not in quarters, but in half notes.

Allargando(allargando) - "expanding". A designation referring to both tempo (some slowdown) and expressiveness (emphasis on each sound).

Allegretto(allegretto) - 1) tempo designation: slower than allegro, and faster than andante; 2) a fairly mobile short piece or part of a cycle.

Allegro(allegro) - "fun, joyful"; 1) tempo designation: soon; 2) a piece in allegro tempo, part of a cycle, the first part of a classical sonata-symphony cycle (sonata allegro).

Hallelujah(Hebrew - “praise God”) - an expression often found in sacred music and psalms; sometimes - an independent part of the music in the liturgical cycle;

Albertian basses- accompaniment to the melody, consisting of "broken", "decomposed" chords, i.e. chords in which sounds are taken not simultaneously, but in turn. The technique is typical of clavier music of the late 18th century.

Alto– 1) the second voice from the top in a four-part choral or instrumental score. Alto was originally performed by a male falsetto - hence the name, literally meaning "high"; 2) a low female voice, often called "contralto"; 3) an instrument corresponding in height to the position of the alto in the score - for example, an alto string instrument, alto saxophone, alto flute, etc.

Embouchure- the position of the lips when playing wind instruments.

cor anglais- an alto oboe with a fifth lower tuning than a regular oboe.

Andante(andante) - 1) tempo designation: moderately; 2) a piece in Andante tempo or part of a cycle.

Andantino(andantino) - 1) tempo designation: more mobile than andante; 2) a small piece in andante tempo or part of a cycle.

Animato(animato) - designation of expressiveness: "animately."

Anticipation(English) - 1) a sound performed a little earlier than the rhythmic beat to which it refers; 2) the performance of one of the tones of the chord a little earlier than the chord itself.

Antiphon- a form that provides for the alternate participation of two groups of performers. The term goes back to the name of one of the genres of ancient liturgical singing - antiphon, which was performed alternately by two choirs.

Appoggiatura- decoration or unprepared retention, usually dissonant with respect to the main chord and resolved into one of its constituent tones. The long appoggiatura falls on the strong beat of the bar and resolves on the weak beat. A short appoggiatura (Italian accaciatura, accacatura; in Russian the term “flask” is used) is performed briefly before the strong beat (in the music of the Bach era it is also short, but on the strong beat).

Arrangement(arrangement, processing) - adaptation of a musical composition for a different composition of performers than the original one (or than provided for by the author).

Arioso- a small aria; the adjective "ariose" refers to a vocal style more melodically rich than a recitative, but less developed than an aria.

Arco(arco) - literally "bow": an indication of coll "arco for string players is to play with a bow, not pizzicato.

Arpeggio- a chord in which the tones are taken not simultaneously, but sequentially.

Articulation- a way of giving sound when playing instruments or singing, similar to pronunciation in speech communication.

Assai(assai) - "very"; for example, adagio assai - very slowly.

Attacca(attack) - 1) an indication at the end of any part, instructing to start the next part without a break; 2) the distinctness, clarity with which the soloist takes the tone, or the accuracy, clarity of the simultaneous entry of members of the ensemble, orchestra, choir.

A tempo(a tempo) - return to the original tempo after changing it.

Atonality- the term is applied to music in which there is no specific tonal center and associated consonance relationships.

Affettuoso(affettuoso) - designation of expressiveness: "with feeling."

Aerophone, wind instrument An instrument whose sound is produced by the vibration of a column of air in a tube.

B

Basso continuo(basso continuo) (also general bass, digital bass) - "continuous, common bass": a tradition of baroque music, according to which the lower voice in the ensemble was performed by a melodic instrument of the appropriate range (viola da gamba, cello, bassoon), in while another instrument (keyboard or lute) duplicated this line along with chords, which were indicated in the notes by a conditional digital notation, implying an element of improvisation.

Basso ostinato(basso ostinato) - literally “permanent bass”: a short musical phrase in bass, repeated throughout the entire composition or any section of it, with free variation of the upper voices; in early music this technique is especially typical of the chaconne and passacaglia.

D

Da capo(da capo) - "from the beginning"; an indication instructing to repeat from the beginning a fragment or a whole part of the work; D.C. for short.

Dal segno(dal seño) - “starting from the sign”; an indication instructing to repeat the fragment from the sign ; D.S. for short.

D war trill- simultaneous trill at two high-altitude levels.

double meter- a meter, for which two main stresses per measure are typical - a stronger and a weaker one. For example, in 6/8 time there are two accents: on the first eighth - strong, on the fourth - weak.

double tongue- a sound extraction technique on some wind instruments (for example, on a trumpet, horn, flute), in which doubled sounds are extracted by a quick movement of the performer's tongue (similar to the rapid pronunciation of the sounds "t-k").

double notes- the simultaneous combination of two or more sounds on stringed bowed instruments (for example, on a violin).

Jazz- one of the musical styles of the 20th century, which arose in the USA; jazz is characterized by a large role of improvisation and the complexity of rhythm.

Giocoso(jokozo) - fun, playful.

Range- 1) in the medieval theory of music - an octave; 2) the name of one of the flute pipes of the organ; 3) the sound volume of the voice, instrument, etc.

Diatonic- a seven-tone scale within an octave that does not have altered tones.

Divisi(divizi) - an indication for the members of the ensemble, warning about the division of the party into several independent voices.

W

Detention- one or more chord sounds that drag on while other voices transition into a new chord; retentions usually discord with the new chord and then resolve into it.

Zatakt- one or more sounds at the beginning of a phrase, which are recorded before the first bar line of the composition. The upbeat always falls on the downbeat and precedes the downbeat of the first full measure.

sound recording- direct associative connection of music with text in vocal music; for example, an upward scale movement to the words "and ascended into heaven."

And

Idea fixe(French) - literally “an obsession”: a term associated primarily with the symphonic music of G. Berlioz and denoting the presence in the work of a cross-cutting theme associated with extra-musical concepts (for example, the theme of the beloved in Fantastic symphony, Harold's theme in the symphony Harold in Italy).

Idiophone- an instrument in which the sound source is a vibrating body (for example, a gong, a triangle).

Imitation- repetition of musical thought, exact or somewhat modified, in different voices of polyphonic texture.

Impressionism- an artistic movement in the visual arts and in music that arose at the end of the 19th century; it is typical for him to appeal primarily to feelings, and not to intellect, the desire for brilliance, for the embodiment of fleeting impressions, for a spiritualized landscape. In music, the most prominent representative of impressionism is C. Debussy, as well as authors who were influenced by his style.

Improvisation- the art of spontaneously creating or interpreting music (as opposed to strictly following a pre-recorded text).

Inversion, appeal- 1) in the melodic sense, the presentation of a motive or theme in reverse motion: for example, instead of do - re - mi * mi - re - do; 2) in the harmonic sense, the construction of one or another chord not from the first (lower) step, but from some other: for example, by the first inversion of a triad do - mi - salt is a sixth chord mi - salt - do.

Instrumentation, orchestration- the art of distributing voices of musical texture between the members of the ensemble; cm. ORCHESTROVING.

Interval- musical and mathematical (acoustic) distance between two tones. Intervals can be melodic, when the tones are taken alternately, and harmonic, when the tones are played simultaneously.

Intonation - 1) the degree of relative acoustic accuracy with which sounds are reproduced by a soloist or ensemble (vocal or instrumental); 2) the initial melodic motif of medieval psalmody formulas (performing psalms in melodic recitative).

To

cabaletta - 1) a small virtuoso opera aria; 2) the final quick section of the opera aria.

Cavatina- a short lyric aria of the song type.

cadence- the final harmonic sequence of a musical phrase. The main types of cadence are authentic (dominant - tonic), plagal (subdominant - tonic).

Cadence- in an instrumental concerto for a soloist and orchestra - a virtuoso solo section, usually placed closer to the end of the part; cadenzas were sometimes composed by composers, but were often left to the discretion of the performer.

Chamber music- instrumental or vocal ensemble music intended for performance mainly in small halls. A common chamber-instrumental genre is the string quartet.

Cantabile(cantabile) - a melodious, coherent style of performance.

Cantilena- a vocal or instrumental melody of a lyrical, melodious nature.

cantus firmus(lat.) (cantus firmus) - literally “strong tune”: a leading melody, often borrowed, which forms the basis of a polyphonic composition.

Cantus planus(lat.) (cantus planus) - rhythmically even monophonic singing, characteristic of the Gregorian chant.

Quasi(quasi) - like, like; quasi marcia - like a march.

Quartet - string quartet: ensemble of two violins, viola and cello; piano quartet: ensemble of violin, viola, cello and piano.

Quartol- division of the rhythmic beat into four equal parts.

Quintet - string quintet: an ensemble usually consisting of two violins, two violas and a cello. Some works by Boccherini and Schubert are written for two violins, a viola and two cellos; piano quintet: an ensemble consisting of a string quartet (two violins, viola, cello) and piano; quintet Trout Schubert is a rare exception to the rule, as he composed violin, viola, cello, double bass and piano.

quintol- division of a rhythmic beat into five equal parts.

Quodlibet(quadlibet) is a humorous piece of music that combines several well-known melodies, often borrowed from folk or popular songs.

Harpsichord - a stringed keyboard instrument from the 16th to 18th centuries in which, when the keys are pressed, small plectrums hook the strings.

Clavichord - a small Renaissance and Baroque keyboard instrument in which small metal pins struck the strings when the keys were pressed, producing a soft, gentle sound.

Clavier- the general name of stringed keyboard instruments (clavichord, harpsichord, piano, etc.).

Klangfarbenmelodie(German) - a concept related to the field of dodecaphony, in particular to the work of A. Schoenberg and his followers: each note or each short motive in the score is intended for different instruments.

cluster- dissonant consonance, consisting of several sounds adjacent to each other.

Key- 1) the main scale of a particular composition, named after its main foundation - the tonic and denoted by signs at the key; 2) a sign at the beginning of the musical staff, which determines the height position of the subsequent musical notation (for example, bass, violin, alto, etc.); 3) a device in some keyboard and wind instruments for tuning the instrument.

Key signs- flats and sharps set at the beginning of each staff on which music is recorded and indicating the key: for example, one sharp in the key refers to the keys of G major and E minor, one flat indicates the keys of F major and D minor

coda- the final section of the musical composition, sometimes developing the final cadence. The coda contributes to the completeness of the composition; in some cases it reaches its main climax.

Coloratura- a virtuoso style of singing, usually including fast scales, arpeggios, ornaments; generally, the coloratura is associated with the high, light soprano, especially in opera.

con brio(con brio) - designation of expressiveness: "alive".

con moto(kon moto) - the designation of tempo and expressiveness: "with movement."

con fuoco(kon fuoco) - designation of expressiveness: "with fire".

Consonance- consonance, consonant sounding of two or more tones; the concepts of consonance are different in the music of different eras and styles.

Contralto- the lowest female voice in the register.

Counterpoint- a type of musical writing in which voices (two or more) move with relative independence.

contrabassoon- a large bassoon playing an octave lower than a regular bassoon.

Countertenor- very high male voice (above tenor).

Concertina- in a baroque instrumental concerto (concerto grosso) a group of soloists, usually two violas and a basso continuo.

Concertmaster– 1) first violin in the orchestra: this performer plays solo fragments of the score and, if necessary, replaces the conductor; 2) a musician leading a group of orchestra instruments; 3) a pianist who studies a work (part) with vocalists, instrumentalists, ballet dancers and performs with them at concerts.

Concertato(concertato) - a style characteristic of the music of the Baroque era and implying a "competition" of orchestra groups, choirs, etc.

cornetto(cornetto) , zinc- a woodwind or brass instrument of the late Renaissance and Baroque era, the forerunner of the cornet; has a conical barrel, cup-shaped mouthpiece, chromatic scale.

L

frets- 1) scales like major or minor; 2) in the Middle Ages, the system of diatonic (“by white keys”) modes (modes, scales), originating from the ancient Greek modes and forming the basis of medieval church singing and the genres that developed on its basis; in this regard, medieval modes are often called church modes. Each medieval mode has an octave range and can be represented in two forms - authentic and plagal. Four main authentic modes - Dorian from re, Phrygian from mi, Lydian from F and Mixolydian from salt. The plagal modes parallel to them have the same root, but the range is usually a fourth lower. In the Renaissance, to the described modes were added: the Aeolian mode from la and Ionian mode from before with the corresponding plagal forms. Cm. frets; 4) vein, bone or wooden plates located on the necks of a lute, guitar and other similar instruments and marking the location of certain sounds for the performer.

Larghetto(larghetto) - 1) tempo designation: slow, but somewhat more mobile than largo; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.

Largo(largo) - literally "wide": 1) the designation of the pace; in the generally accepted sense - the slowest pace possible; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.

Legato(legato) - designation of expressiveness: connected, without gaps between sounds.

Leggiero(legiero) - a designation of expressiveness: easy, graceful.

Keynote - in the operas of Richard Wagner (and other authors who use the leitmotif technique in works of different genres) - a melodic, rhythmic, harmonic motif associated with a character, object, time and place of action, as well as with certain emotions and abstract ideas. Cm. Keynote.

Lento(lento) - tempo designation: slowly.

Libretto- the text of the opera and oratorio, often in poetic form.

league- a curved line below or above the notes that links them into a phrase; if the slur connects two notes of the same pitch, then the second note is not played, and its duration is added to the duration of the first note.

Lied(German "song") - a term referring to the romance lyrics of German composers of the 19th century.

Lyric opera(opera lyrique) is a term referring to 19th century French opera. and denoting a kind of genre, located, as it were, between the “grand opera” (grand opéra) and the “comic opera” (opéra comique).

L "istesso tempo(listesso tempo) - "at the same tempo": the designation indicates that the tempo is maintained, even if other note durations are subsequently used.

Lute - stringed plucked instrument. Cm. LUTE.

M

Ma non troppo(ma non troppo) - not too much; allegro ma non troppo - not too fast.

Madrigal- 1) a secular vocal two- or three-voice genre in Italian music of the 14th century; 2) a secular polyphonic choral play in Italy and England in the 16th and early 17th centuries.

Major and minor- the terms are used: 1) to denote the quality of certain intervals (seconds, thirds, sixth, seventh) - for example, there can be two thirds: major, or large ( do - mi) and minor, or small ( do - e-flat), i.e. the major interval is a semitone wider than the corresponding minor interval; 2) to designate two main types of triads and chords built on them: a triad, the first interval of which is a major third - major ( do - mi - salt), a triad with a minor third at the base - minor ( do - e-flat - salt); 3) to designate the two most common scales in European music after 1700 - major (with a major third between degrees I and III) and minor (with a minor third between degrees I and III). The major scale from note to has the form: do - re - mi - fa - salt - la - si - do. The minor scale has three forms: natural minor, in which semitone ratios are formed between II and III and between V and VI degrees, as well as harmonic and melodic minors, in which the VI and VII degrees change (alter). Cm. MUSICAL SCAMS.

Manual- keyboard; in Russian it usually refers to organ and harpsichord keyboards.

Marcato(marcato) - a designation of expressiveness: distinctly, with an accent.

mediant– III degree of the scale: for example, mi in C major.

melismas(decorations) - 1) melodic fragments or whole melodies performed on one syllable of the text. The melismatic style is characteristic of ancient church singing of various traditions (Byzantine, Gregorian, Old Russian, etc.); 2) small melodic decorations in vocal and instrumental music, indicated by special symbols or small notes.

small note- a note (or a group of notes) that is recorded more finely than the rest. Such a recording can have two meanings: 1) in music created before the 19th century, and sometimes even later, a “small note” was an ornament that did not have its own rhythmic duration, but borrowed, “taken away” it from the subsequent duration; in Russian, in this case, the borrowed term "grace" is used; 2) in the music of the 19th century, especially in the works of Liszt, Chopin and Anton Rubinstein, a series of "small notes" are often used in cadenzas and phrases similar to them in style, and the passage as a whole has some designated length (for example, a measure or two measures and etc.), and the duration of each of the “small notes” is determined by the performer (usually such passages are performed rubato, i.e. “freely”).

Melody- a musical idea expressed in one voice and having a certain pitch and rhythmic contour.

Meno(meno) - "less"; meno mosso (meno mosso) - designation of pace: calmer, not so fast.

Meter- a rhythmic form consisting of alternating percussion and unstressed (strong and weaker) beats, like a foot in poetry. The main types are double meter (with one stressed and one unstressed beat per measure) and triple meter (with one stressed and two unstressed beats per measure).

Meter and size notation- the meter is usually indicated by two numbers set at the beginning of the musical notation: the top number shows the number of beats in a measure, the bottom one shows the rhythmic unit of counting. Thus, the time signature 2/4 shows that the measure has two beats, each in a quarter.

Metronome- a mechanical device for determining the tempo of a work, invented in the 19th century.

Mezzo forte(mezzo forte) - not very loud.

Microtone- the interval is less than a semitone (in a tempered scale).

Minimalism- the musical style of the second half of the 20th century, based on a long repetition, perhaps with minor changes, of very laconic musical material.

Modality- a method of pitch organization, which is based on the principle of the scale - in contrast to the tonal major-minor principle. The term is applied to ancient church monodic music of different traditions, as well as to oriental and folk cultures (in this case, the term “modality” may correspond to the term “modality”).

Moderato(moderateto) - designation of tempo: moderately, between andante and allegro.

Modulation- in the major-minor system, a change of key.

Molto(molto) - very much; tempo symbol: molto adagio - tempo symbol: very slow.

Mordent- decoration (melisma), denoted as () or () and consisting in a quick movement one step up or down and an immediate return; a double mordent up and down is also possible.

motive- a short melodic-rhythmic figure, the smallest independent unit of the musical form of a work.

Musica ficta(fictitious music) falsa musica(false music) - a practice common in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, following which, during performance, chromatic alterations were introduced into music that were absent in the recorded musical text - in order to avoid the dissonant interval of the tritone or increase the VII degree (introductory tone). Cm. MUSICAL SCAMS.

Musique concrete(French) - one of the trends in music of the 20th century, which originated in France: here both musical and natural sounds are used as the main material, recorded on film and then subjected to various kinds of acoustic and other transformations.

H

Setting- the process of correcting the pitch on different instruments (for example, on strings or on the piano), in which the sound acquires the pitch characteristic of a given temperament system, and the sound of this instrument is consistent with the tuning of other instruments.

Non-chord sound- a sound that is not part of this chord, but sounds along with it.

Neumatic style- in medieval art, a method of vocal writing, in which there are several tones for each syllable of the text - in contrast to the syllabic style, where each syllable corresponds to one tone, and the melismatic style, where each syllable corresponds to a longer chant.

Nevmy- signs of ancient notations, similar to hieroglyphs; nevma can mean both one tone and a rather long melodic construction. Old Russian nevmas are called hooks.

Neoclassicism- one of the trends in the music of the 20th century, for which the use of genres, forms, melodic models, etc. rethought in the modern spirit, is typical. baroque and classicism eras.

non troppo(non troppo) - not too much; allegro ma non troppo - tempo designation: not too fast.

Note - graphic designation of musical sound, as well as the sound itself.

stave- a set of five horizontal lines in musical notation.

O

Overtones - overtones included in the spectrum of sound produced by an oscillating object, a vibrator (for example, a string or a column of air), and located above the fundamental tone. Overtones are formed as a result of vibration of the parts of the vibrator (its halves, thirds, quarters, etc.), each of them has its own pitch. Thus, the sound produced by a vibrator is complex and consists of a fundamental tone and a set of overtones.

obligato(obbligato) - 1) in music of the 17th and 18th centuries. the term refers to those parts of instruments in a work that cannot be omitted and must be played without fail; 2) fully written accompaniment in a piece of music for voice or solo instrument and clavier.

Octave- the interval between two sounds, the ratio of frequencies of which is 1: 2.

Octet- an ensemble of eight performers, as well as a chamber-instrumental work for this composition.

Opus(opus) (lat. opus, “work”; abbreviated as op.): the designation has been used by composers since the Baroque era and usually refers to the serial number of a given work in a list (most often chronological) of works by a given author.

Organ item, pedal- a sound sustained in the bass (or several sounds), against which other voices move freely; this technique is often used in organ music, in the classical style the organ points usually appear before the final cadence.

Organum- a form of early Western polyphony (from the 9th century), which uses melodies borrowed from church monody.

Basic tone- the main (most often lower) sound within a given group of sounds (intervals, chords, frets, etc.).

Ostinato(ostinato) - multiple repetition of a melodic or rhythmic figure, a harmonic turn, a separate sound (especially often in bass voices).

P

Pandiatonic- a style of harmonic writing in which diatonic consonances are used freely, often outside the rules of traditional harmony.

Parallel movement- ascending or descending parallel movement of two or more voices, in which the same interval distance is maintained between these voices (for example, movement in parallel thirds or parallel fourths).

Parallel chords- ascending or descending movement of chords of the same or similar structure, without the permissions prescribed by traditional harmony.

Parallel major and minor - major and minor, which have the same key signs and are separated from each other by a small third (for example, C major and A minor).

Patter song(English) - a humorous song in which the words are set to a simple melody consisting of multiple repetitions of the same sounds; words should be pronounced quickly and clearly.

Pause- the term is used to refer to both the actual pause - a break in sound, and the signs that prescribe it.

Pesante(pezante) - designation of expressiveness: hard.

Pentatonic- five-step frets; the main type is non-semitone pentatonic (“by black keys”); such modes are often found in the music of the Far East, they are also typical of a number of European folklore traditions, in particular Russian.

cross rhythm- simultaneous use of different meters (rhythmic patterns) in different voices, for example, two-part and three-part.

Translation- close proximity (or simultaneous sounding) in the score of a tone and its altered form - for example, si and b flat. In some styles, recursion is strictly prohibited.

Perpetuum mobile(perpetuum mobile) (lat. "perpetual motion"): a piece built on continuous rapid rhythmic movement from beginning to end.

Pianissimo(pianissimo) - very quiet; abbreviated: pp .

Piano(piano) - quiet; abbreviated: p .

Piu(piu) - more; piu allegro - tempo designation: faster.

Pizzicato(pizzicato) - plucking: a way to play stringed instruments by plucking the strings with your fingers.

Plagal-1) in music based on the major-minor system, a cadence in which the subdominant chord resolves into the tonic (the move from the IV to the I degree, or from the triad fa - la - do to a triad do - mi - salt in C major); 2) in medieval church singing - a mode that is a fourth lower than the corresponding authentic mode and has a common main tone with it.

Polymodality- simultaneous use of several (for example, major and minor) scales (modes) in a work.

polyrhythm- the simultaneous use of distinctly contrasting rhythmic patterns in different voices.

Polytonality- Simultaneous sounding of two or more keys.

Polyphony- the warehouse of the letter, assuming the independent movement of each of two or more voices. Cm. POLYPHONY.

Portamento(portamento) - a sliding transition from one sound to another, used in singing and playing the strings.

portato(portato) - a way of sound production, between legato and staccato.

Postlude - an instrumental piece performed after the end of a service in a Western Christian church (usually on the organ), as well as an independent instrumental or orchestral piece resembling an "afterword".

Primadonna - leading female performer in the opera house.

Program music- instrumental and orchestral music associated with the embodiment of ideas borrowed from the non-musical sphere (literature, painting, natural phenomena, etc.). The name comes from the program - the text with which composers often accompanied works of this type.

passing sound- a sound that is not included in the structure of the chord, but linearly connects two consonant harmonies (usually appears on a weak beat of the bar).

Prestissimo(prestissimo) - tempo designation: exceptionally fast; faster than presto.

Presto(presto) - tempo designation: very fast.

Psalm Tones- relatively simple melodic formulas - models according to which psalms and other liturgical texts were performed in the medieval Western Christian church.

dotted rhythm- a rhythmic pattern formed by increasing the beat by half the duration by halving the next weaker beat. Indicated by a dot to the right of the note.

R

Development- the development of a musical idea by isolating fragments of themes, changing the keys of the themes, their expansion, various combinations with each other, etc. Development is also called the second, developing section of the sonata form (sonata allegro).

Permission- movement from dissonance to consonance.

Rakohod - return, from the end to the beginning, the movement of the theme.

Rallentando(rallentando) - designation of pace: gradually slowing down.

Chant, chant- a system of monodic vocal music, mainly church singing of different denominations.

Register- 1) a group of organ pipes that create a certain timbre; 2) a certain section of the range of a voice or instrument that has distinct coloristic and timbre qualities (for example, “head register” - falsetto).

reprise– the final section of the composition in sonata form, where the themes of the exposition are repeated; a reprise is also called the repetition of musical material in the final section of various forms - for example, a three-part one.

Responsory- the chant of the Western Church, in which the singing of the soloist and the choral refrain alternate; the definition of "responsible" can refer to a similar technique in music of different styles.

Refrain - 1) in the form of a rondo type - an unchanging musical material that appears after contrasting sections; 2) chorus - the second, unchanging half of the verse in verse form (for example, in a song).

Ripieno(ripieno) - in the instrumental music of the Baroque era, the designation of the game of the entire orchestra; the same as tutti.

Ritardando(ritardando) - the designation of the pace: gradually slowing down.

Ritenuto(ritenuto) - designation of pace: gradually reducing the pace, but in a shorter segment than ritardando.

Rhythm - temporal organization of music; specifically, a sequence of durations of sounds.

Ritournelle - literally "return". In early opera, the term referred to repeated returns of a melody (such as a refrain); in the baroque concerto, the ritornello was the periodic return of variants of the first theme, which were performed by the entire orchestra (as opposed to the intermediate sections, which were performed by solo instruments).

Rococo - the art style of the first half of the 18th century, including music; Rococo is characterized by an abundance of ornamental motifs, whimsical lines.

Rubato(rubato) - a flexible interpretation of the tempo-rhythmic side of the work, deviations from a uniform tempo in order to achieve greater expressiveness.

Row, series– basic structure in dodecaphony (12-tone composition technique); in its purest form, the series consists of 12 non-repeating sounds that appear in the order determined by the composer; in practice, a series may consist of a different number of non-repeating sounds.

FROM

Swing - a style of dance jazz music for a big band type orchestra, popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s.

Bundle- a fragment of secondary content, often modulating, which serves as a transition from one section of the musical form to another.

Sequence- repetition of a motive or phrase at a different pitch level.

Sextet- an ensemble of six performers or a composition for this composition.

Sextol- division of a rhythmic beat into six equal parts.

Septet- an ensemble of seven performers (each has its own part) or a composition for this composition.

serialism, seriality- a composition technique in which a set of non-repeating sounds is used as a basis (the classic version is 12 sounds, but may be less) and the entire composition consists of a continuous repetition of this set - a series or several series; rhythm, dynamics, timbre, etc. are organized according to the same principle. The simplest, original version of seriality is dodecaphony, in which only the pitch factor is taken into account.

Syllabic - a style of vocal writing in which there is one sound per syllable (without intra-syllable chants).

strong beat- the main metric stress in a bar, usually on its first beat.

Syncope - shifting the accent from the stressed beat to the unstressed beat.

Synthesizer- an electronic musical instrument.

Scherzo- a piece or part of a cycle at a fast pace.

Warehouse, letter- the type of interaction of voices in the musical fabric. Main types: monody (monophony); polyphony, or counterpoint (several freely interacting lines); homophony (melody with accompaniment).

Scordatura(scordatura) - a temporary change in the normal tuning of a stringed instrument.

Scherzando(scherzando) - playfully.

Random signs- signs used to indicate an increase or decrease in tone. The sharp sign () raises a semitone; flat sign () - decrease by a semitone. The double-sharp sign () raises the sound by two semitones, the double-flat sign () lowers it by two semitones. The backer () sign cancels the previous random sign. A random sign is valid for the note before which it is placed, and for all its repetitions within the boundaries of a given measure.

Solo(solo) - a composition or its fragment for one performer or for a soloist from an ensemble, orchestra, etc.

Solmization- system of syllabic naming of notes: before, re, mi, F, salt, la, si.

Solfeggio- 1) vocal exercises, sung to vowels or syllables; 2) one of the disciplines of the musical-theoretical course.

Soprano– 1) the top part in the choral score; 2) the highest female voice in the register (or the voice of a boy); 3) a variety of some instruments - for example, a soprano saxophone.

Compound bipartite meter- meter (size), for which the nature of the grouping of metric shares of three (6/4 or 6/8).

Compound triple meter- meter (size), which is characterized by three groups of three metric parts each (9/6 or 9/8).

Sostenuto(sostenuto) - designation of expressiveness: restrained; sometimes the notation can refer to tempo as well.

Sotto voice(sotto voche) - designation of expressiveness: "in an undertone", muffled.

Soul- one of the styles of American popular music, based on Negro folklore and spiritual singing.

Spinet- in the 17th and 18th centuries. a kind of harpsichord of small size, as well as a small piano.

Spiritoso(spiritoso) - with enthusiasm.

Staccato(staccato) - abruptly: the manner of sound production, in which each sound is, as it were, separated by a pause from the other; the opposite way of sound production is legato (legato), connected. Staccato is indicated by a dot above the note.

Stile rappresentativo(rappresentative style) - the operatic style of the early 17th century, the main principle of which is that the musical beginning should be subordinated to the expression of dramatic ideas or reflect the content of the text.

Stretta- 1) in a fugue, especially in its final section, a presentation of a polyphonic theme in the form of a simple or canonical imitation, in which the imitating voice enters before the end of the theme in the beginning voice; 2) the acceleration of the tempo of the action and the tempo of the music in the finals of Italian operas.

Subdominant- literally “below the dominant”: IV degree in major or minor (for example, F in C major).

Submediant - literally "below the median": VI in major or minor (for example, la in C major).

Sul ponticello(sul ponticello) - literally "on a stand": an instruction to a player on a stringed instrument to play next to the stand to produce a stronger, more brilliant sound.

Sul tasto(sul tasto) - literally "on the fretboard": an instruction for a string instrument player to play at the fretboard to produce a softer, more covered sound.

Mute- a device that allows you to muffle, soften the sound of some instruments.

Sforzando(sforzando) - a sudden emphasis on a sound or chord; abbreviated .

segue(segue) - continue as before: an indication that, firstly, replaces the indication attacca (i.e., orders to perform the next part without interruption), and secondly, orders to continue execution in the same manner as before ( in this case, the designation sempre is more often used).

Semibreve(semibreve) – whole note.

Semplice(sampliche) - designation of expressiveness: simple.

semper(sempre) - constantly, always; sempre pianissimo - very quiet all the time.

Senza(senza) - without; senza sordino - remove the mute.

T

tablature- the notation systems common in the Renaissance and Baroque eras for such instruments as organ, harpsichord, lute and guitar; tablature does not use five-line notation, but various characters - numbers, letters, etc.

Tact- a unit of musical meter, which is formed from the alternation of stresses of different strength and begins with the strongest of them. The bars are separated from each other by a vertical line on the staff.

theater music- music for performance during the presentation of a dramatic play; in the 19th century overture and intermissions were usually composed.

Topic- the main melodic idea of ​​the work; often the term is used to refer to the main theme of the fugue and other polyphonic works, as well as the main part in sonata form.

Timbre- a specific coloration characteristic of a particular voice or instrument.

Pace- the speed of movement in music.

Temperament- alignment of interval relationships in the musical system, in which some intervals differ from their pure acoustic values. Now the most common is the so-called equal temperament, in which the octave is divided into 12 equal semitones. characteristic of the second half of the 20th century. the movement towards the revival of early music led to the revival of different methods of temperament belonging to the Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, etc.).

Tenor- 1) the second from the bottom part in a four-voice letter; 2) high male voice; 3) a variety of instruments of the corresponding register - for example, a tenor saxophone; 4) in medieval polyphony, a voice was called a tenor, in which the main (often borrowed) theme of the composition (cantus firmus) was stated in large lengths.

Close location- the location of the chord, in which its component tones are as close as possible to each other.

tetrachord- a four-step scale in the fourth range.

Tone- 1) a single sound of a certain height and duration; 2) an interval consisting of two semitones (for example, a major second do - re).

Key- 1) the height position of the fret - for example, C major; 2) a system of high-altitude connections centralized around the main consonance - tonic. The term "tonality" is used as an antonym of the term "modality", associated with modes other than the classical major and minor.

Tonic- the main foundation of a mode or tonality, expressed in the form of one sound (for example, before in C major) or a chord (for example, a triad do - mi - salt in C major).

Transcription, processing, transcription - adapting a work for a different instrument or for a different cast than the original, such as transcribing a choral work for an instrumental ensemble. A transcription can also be called a reworking of a work for the same instrument as in the original - for example, in order to give it greater virtuosity.

transposition, transposition- transfer of a whole work or its fragment to another key.

Triad- a chord consisting of three sounds arranged in thirds, for example do - mi - salt.

Trill- very fast alternation of two adjacent sounds; abbreviated: tr .

Tremolo - fast repeated repetition of a tone, sometimes in the range of two steps, sometimes at the same pitch level.

Tripartite meter, size- time signature, for which the presence in each measure (3/4, 3/2) of one strong beat and two weak ones is typical.

Trio - string trio: ensemble of violin, viola and cello; piano trio: ensemble of piano, violin and cello.

Triol- the division of a rhythmic beat into three equal parts.

Triton - an interval consisting of three whole tones and formed in the diatonic scale between the IV and VII steps; in the Middle Ages, the tritone was considered a forbidden interval.

Triple tongue - sound extraction technique on some wind instruments (trumpet, horn, flute), similar to the double reed, but similar to pronouncing the sounds “t-to-t” in fast triplet passages.

Troubadour - in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.

Trouver- in Northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.

Tutty(tutti) - all together; in baroque ensemble music, the term refers to all performers, including solo parts; in more recent orchestral music, the term refers to sections performed by the entire orchestra.

Tempus perfectum, tempus imperfectum(lat.) - designations of tripartite and bipartite sizes in the eras of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Tenuto(tenuto) - sustained: the designation prescribes to maintain the full duration of the note; sometimes it means a slight excess of duration.

Terraced dynamics(English) - sudden changes in dynamic level, typical of baroque music.

At

Increase- a statement of a motive or theme when they are repeated in larger durations.

Decorations- one note or a group of notes, which are written in small print and added to the main melody in order to “colorize”, “decorate” it.

Decrease- reduction, usually by half, of the duration when repeating a motive or theme.

Unison - 1) theoretically - zero interval, the distance between two tones of the same height; 2) practically - the performance of a sound or melody by all performers at the same height.

Phrasing- clear, expressive performance of a musical phrase and all elements that determine the meaning of musical speech, with the help of flexible changes in tempo, dynamics, placement of accents, etc.

Fused- using some fugue techniques, most often imitations, for example, a fugue allegro.

X

Hemiola- a rhythmic technique in which the three-part time signature is changed to a two-part one by transferring accents in the measure. This device was widespread in the 15th century and was also used later, especially to enlarge the rhythmic movement in the final sections, before the final cadence.

choir- 1) an ensemble of singers, usually divided into four parts (soprano, alto, tenor, bass); 2) a group of instruments in a symphony or brass band, combining instruments of the same type (for example, a “string choir”).

chordophone, string instrument An instrument in which sound is produced by the vibration of a string.

Chromatism- the use of altered (not belonging to the main scale) sounds.

C

Wholetone scale- a scale consisting of whole tones, i.e. which is an octave divided into six equal parts.

Cycle - a musical composition consisting of several parts, where the parts are combined dramaturgically and thematically.

digital bass- an abbreviated notation of chord accompaniment adopted in the Baroque era using numbers that were placed above or below the notes of the bass voice. A performer on instruments of a harmonic type (harpsichord, organ, lute) could reproduce the full harmonic texture of the work with the help of digital recording.

H

Chantey, shanty(English) - labor songs of English and American sailors, performed in a certain rhythm to facilitate work.

Part- a relatively independent section of a major musical form, usually with a distinct beginning and end.

Quarter tone- an interval equal to half a semitone.

W

shape note notation- an early American type of notation, which used notes of four different shapes: triangle, circle, oval and asterisk.

Sprechstimme(German) - “reciting”, Sprechgesang - “declamatory singing” - a vocal writing technique developed by A. Schoenberg and his followers and consisting in the fact that the singer does not reproduce sounds of the exact height, but, as it were, glides, glide from one sound to to another; when notating on the stems, notes are put instead of “heads” - “crosses” ().

E

exposition- the first section of a number of forms, primarily fugue and sonata form, in which the thematic material of the entire composition is presented (exhibited).

Expressionism- a visual art style of the first decades of the 20th century, which is usually associated with atonal and dodecaphone music.

Electonic music- music, the sound material of which is created using a synthesizer.

Empfindsamer Style(German) - a style of performance of baroque music, in which the conventions inherent in this era are ignored and the purpose of which is the direct and free transmission of the emotional content of the work.

Anharmonism- with equal temperament, the ability to record the same sound in different ways: for example A-sharp and b flat.

Literature:

Music Encyclopedia, tt. 1–5. M., 1973–1982
Kruntyaeva T., Molokova N. Dictionary of foreign musical terms. M. - SPb., 1996
Buluchevsky Yu., Fomin V. Brief Music Dictionary. SPb. - M., 1998
Brief Musical Dictionary-Reference. M., 1998
Music encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1998

Music terms

1.Virtuoso - a musician-performer who is fluent in any musical instrument or singing technique.

2.Wunderkind is a talented and naturally gifted child, whose musical abilities are clearly manifested at an early age.

3. Improvisation - composing music while performing it.

4.Staff - five horizontally arranged musical lines.

5. Piece - a small piece of music.

6.Repertoire - selection of musical compositions for the performance.

7. Solfeggio - special music classes aimed at developing hearing.

eight . Premiere - the first public performance of the new music. performance or performance.

9. Intermission - a break between acts of theatrical performance.

10. Orchestra A group of musicians who play a piece of music together on various instruments.

11.Vocalise - a special exercise for the voice, performed without words.

12. Debut - the first public performance of the artist on stage.

13.Chorus - collective singing.

14.Opera - a musical performance in which all the actors sing accompanied by an orchestra. 15.Aria - solo number in the opera.

16.Dance - a choreographic genre used in a musical performance.

17. Overture - Orchestral introduction to the performance.

18.Libretto - the literary text underlying the opera.

19. Ballet - musical and choreographic performance.

20. Symphony - A piece for a symphony orchestra.

21. Conservatory - higher musical educational institution.

22. Choirmaster - conductor in the choir.

23. Soprano - the highest female voice.

24. Tenor - the highest male voice.

25.Contralto - the lowest female voice in the choir.

26. Requiem - a choral work of a mourning nature.

27. Treble – high childish voice.

28. Baritone - male middle voice between bass and tenor.

29. Chapel - Professional choir.

30. Bass - low male voice.

31. Cantata - vocal - symphonic work of a solemn nature.

32. Oratorio - vocal and symphonic work for soloists.

33.Hymn - a solemn song.

34.Classic - exemplary works of art.

35. Serenade - a piece of music performed in the evening hours in front of the beloved's house in Spain or Italy.

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BRIEF GLOSSARY OF MUSICAL TERMS

Accompaniment(French accompagnement - accompaniment) - musical background to the main melodies, which is of secondary importance in the work.

Chord(it. accordo, fr. accord - agreement) - consonance, the sound of several (at least three) musical tones, taken, as a rule, simultaneously. A. are divided into consonant and dissonant (see. consonance and dissonance).

Act(lat. actus - action) - a relatively completed part of the theatrical performance ( operas, ballet etc.), separated from another of the same part by a break - intermission. Sometimes A. is divided into paintings.

Ensemble(fr. ensemble - together) - 1. The name of a relatively independent musical episodes in opera, representing the simultaneous singing of two or more singers, vocal parts which are not identical; according to the number of participants A. are divided into duets, trio or tercetes, quartets, quintets, sextets etc. 2. Play, intended for joint performance by several musicians, most often instrumentalists. 3. The quality of joint performance, the degree of coherence, unity of the overall sound.

Intermission(French entr'acte - letters, interaction) - 1. Break between acts theatrical performance or branches concert. 2. Orchestral introduction to one of the acts, except for the first (cf. overture)

Arietta(it. arietta) - small aria.

Arioso(it. arioso - like an aria) - a variety arias, characterized by a freer construction, more closely connected with the previous and subsequent musical episodes.

Aria(it. aria - song) - developed vocal episode in opera, oratorios or cantata sung by one singer accompanied by orchestra, which has a wide range melody and completeness of the musical forms. Sometimes A. consists of several contrasting(see) sections. Varieties A. - arietta, arioso, cavatina, cabaletta, canzone, monologue etc.

Ballet(fr. ballet from it. ballo - dance, dance) - a major musical choreographic(cm.) genre, in which the main artistic means is dance, as well as pantomime, presented on the theater stage in a picturesque decorative design, accompanied by orchestral music. B. in the form of independent dance scenes is sometimes part of operas.

Ballad(French ballade, Italian ballare - to dance) - originally the name of the Provencal (France) dance songs; then - literary and poetic genre connected with folk legends or telling about the events of the past. From the beginning of the XIX century. - designation vocal and instrumental plays narrative warehouse.

Baritone(Greek barytono - heavy-sounding) - male voice of the middle between bass and register tenor; Another name is high bass.

Barcarolle(from it. barca - boat, barcaruola - song of the boatman) - genus songs, common in Venice, and also the name vocal and instrumental plays contemplative melodious character with a smooth, swaying accompaniment; size 6/8. Another name for B. is a gondolier (from the Italian gondola, a Venetian boat).

Bass(it. basso - low, Greek basis - basis) - 1. The lowest male voice. 2. Common name for low register of orchestral instruments (cello, double bass, bassoon, etc.).

Bolero(Spanish bolero) - Spanish dance, known since the end of the 18th century, moderately fast movement, accompanied by castanets; size 3/4.

Bylina- a work of Russian folk epic, a story about the old days, about the exploits of folk heroes-bogatyrs. B. has the character of a leisurely smooth recitative like a sung speech; sometimes accompanied by playing the harp and other musical instruments.

Waltz(French valse, German Walzer) is a dance that originated from Austrian, German and Czech folk dances. V. is danced in pairs in a smooth circular motion; size 3/4 or 3/8, pace varying from very slow to very fast. Thanks to its special figurative and expressive possibilities, dance became widespread from the middle of the 19th century not only as a dance and concert(cm.) genre but also as an important component of music operas, ballet, symphonies and even chamber — solo and ensemble(see) works.

Variations(lat. variatio - change) - a piece of music based on a gradual change set out at the beginning Topics, during which the original image is developed and enriched without losing its essential features.

Virtuoso(it. virtuoso - lit. valiant, courageous) - a performing musician who is fluent in his instrument or voice, easily, brilliantly overcoming any technical difficulties. Virtuosity is the skill and technical perfection of musical performance. Virtuoso music is music replete with technical difficulties, requiring brilliant, spectacular performance.

Vocal music(from it. vocale - voice) - music for singing - solo, ensemble or choral(see) with accompaniment or without it.

Introduction- the initial section, directly introducing into any vocal or an instrumental piece, painting or Act musical and theatrical performance.

Gavotte(fr. gavotte) - an old French dance of folk origin; subsequently, from the 17th century, it entered into court use, in the 18th century it took its place in the dance suite. G.'s music is energetic, moderately fast movement, meter 4/4 with a characteristic two-quarter upbeat.

Harmony(Greek harmonia - proportionality, consistency) - 1. One of the expressive means of musical art, associated with chordal(see) combinations of tones and their sequences accompanying the main melody. 2. The science of chords, their movement and connections. 3. The name of individual chord sound combinations when characterizing their expressiveness (“hard harmony”, “light harmony”, etc.). 4. The general designation of the range of chordal means characteristic of a particular work, composer, musical style(“Mussorgsky's harmony”, “romantic harmony”, etc.).

Hymn(Greek hymnos) - a solemn laudatory chant.

Grotesque(French grotesque - bizarre, ugly, strange) - an artistic device associated with a deliberate exaggeration or distortion of the real features of the image, which gives it a bizarre, fantastic, often caricature-humorous, sometimes frightening character.

Gusli(from Old Russian gusel - string) - an old Russian folk instrument, which is a hollow flat box on which metal strings are stretched. Playing the G. was usually accompanied by the performance of epics. The performer in G. is a harpist.

Declamation- artistic reading of poetry or prose in an emotionally elevated manner. D. musical - correct reproduction in recitative characteristic intonations - rises, falls, accents, etc. - expressive human speech.

woodwind instruments- the general name of a group of instruments that includes a flute (with varieties of flute-piccolo and alto flute), oboe (with varieties of alto oboe, or English horn), clarinet (with varieties of clarinet-piccolo and bass clarinet), bassoon (with variety of contrabassoon). D. d. i. are also used in brass bands, various chamber ensembles And How soloists(see) tools. In the orchestral score group D. d. and. occupies the top lines, placed in the above order.

Decimet(from lat. decimus - tenth) - operatic or chamber ensemble ten participants.

Dialog(Greek dialogos - a conversation between two) - scene- a conversation between two characters operas; roll call of alternating short musical phrases as if responding to each other.

Divertissement(French divertissement - entertainment, entertainment) - a piece of music built like suites, consisting of several diverse, mainly dance, rooms. D. is also called a separate instrumental play entertaining character.

Dynamics(from the Greek dynamikos - power) - 1. Strength, loudness of sound. 2. Designation of the degree of tension, the effective aspiration of the musical narrative (“the dynamics of development”).

Dramaturgy- Literature that involves the stage incarnation; the science of the laws of the construction of a dramatic play. In the 20th century, the term D. began to be applied also to the musical and theatrical art, and then to large instrumental and symphonic works that were not connected with the stage. D. musical - a set of principles for the construction and development of music operas, ballet, symphonies etc. with the aim of the most logical, consistent and effective embodiment of the chosen plot, ideological concept.

Thought, thought— narrative Ukrainian folk song free recitative-improvisational warehouse with tool support. Usually D. is devoted to a story about historical events, but sometimes it acquires the features of a sincere, sad song of a purely lyrical content.

Brass band— orchestra, consisting of copper and woodwinds and percussion tools. Before. has a powerful, bright sonority.

Wind instruments- instruments, different in shape, size and material, which are a tube or a set of tubes that sound due to the vibrations of the air column enclosed in them. According to the material and method of sound extraction D. and. divided into copper and wooden. Among D. and. belongs also organ.

Duet(from lat. duo - two) - operatic or chamber ensemble two participants.

duetino(it. duettino) - small duet.

Genre(French genre - type, manner) - 1. The type of musical work, determined by various criteria: by the nature of the subject (for example, J. epic, comic), the nature of the plot (for example, J. historical, mythological), the composition of the performers (e.g., F - operatic, ballet, symphonic, vocal(see), instrumental), the circumstances of the performance (for example, J. concert, chamber(see), household), features of the form (for example, Zh. romance, songs, instrumental or orchestral miniatures), etc. 2. Genre (in music) - associated with the characteristic features of folk everyday musical genres. 3. Genre scene - everyday scene.

Chorus- Start choral song, performed by one singer - the lead singer.

Singspiel(German Singspiel from singen - to sing and Spiel - game) - kind comic opera, which combined colloquial dialogues with singing and dancing; Z. received the greatest development in Germany and Austria in the 2nd half of the 18th and early. XIX centuries.

Improvisation(from lat. improvisus - unforeseen, unexpected) - creativity in the process of execution, without prior preparation, by inspiration; also a characteristic of a certain kind of musical works or their individual episodes, characterized by whimsical freedom of presentation.

Instrumentation- the same as orchestration.

Sideshow(lat. intermedia - located in the middle) - 1. A small musical play, placed between the more important parts of a large work. 2. Plug-in episode or scene in a major theatrical work, suspending the development of the action and not directly related to it. 3. Binder episode between two Topics in fugue, a passing episode in an instrumental piece in general.

Intermezzo(it. intermezzo - pause, intermission) - play linking more important sections; also the name of separate, mainly instrumental, pieces of various nature and content.

Introduction(lat. introductio - introduction) - 1. Small size opera overture, directly put into action. 2. The initial section of any plays, which has its own pace and the nature of the music.

cabaletta(from it. cabalare - fantasize) - a small opera aria, often of a heroically upbeat nature.

Cavatina(it. cavatina) - a kind of opera arias, characterized by a freer construction, lyrical melody, lack of tempo(see) contrasts.

Chamber music(from it. camera - room) - music for soloists(see solo) instruments or voices, small ensembles designed for performance in small concert halls.

Canon(Greek kanon - rule, pattern) - a kind of polyphonic music based on the alternate entry of voices from the same melody.

Kant(from lat. cantus - singing) - in Russian, Ukrainian and Polish music of the 17th-18th centuries, lyrical songs for a three-part choir without accompaniment; in the era of Peter I, greetings to K. vigorous marching(cm. march) character, performed on the occasion of official celebrations.

Cantata(from it. cantare - to sing) - a great work for singers - soloists, chora and orchestra, consisting of a number of numbers - aria, recitatives, ensembles, choirs. K. differs from the oratorio in the absence of a detailed and consistently embodied plot.

Cantilena(lat. cantilena - chanting) - wide melodious melody.

Canzona(it. canzone - song) - the old name of the Italian lyric songs with instrumental accompaniment; later - the name of the instrumental plays melodious lyric.

canzonetta(it. canzonetta - song) - small canzone, melodious vocal or instrumental play small size.

Painting- 1. In a musical and theatrical work, a part act, separable not intermission, but a brief pause during which the curtain falls briefly. 2. The designation of instrumental-symphonic works, which are characterized by a special concreteness, visualization of musical images; sometimes such works belong to genre of program music.

Quartet(from lat. quartus - fourth) - opera-vocal or instrumental (most often string) ensemble four participants.

Quintet(from lat. quintus - fifth) - opera-vocal or instrumental ensemble five participants.

Clavier(abbr. German Klavierauszug - piano extract) - processing, arrangement for piano work written for orchestra or ensemble, as well as operas, cantatas or oratorios(with preservation vocal parties).

Koda(it. coda - tail, end) - the final section of a musical work, usually of an energetic, impetuous nature, asserting its main idea, the dominant image.

Coloratura(it. coloratura - coloring, decoration) - coloring, variation vocal melodies in a variety of flexible, moving passages, virtuosic decorations.

Coloring(from lat. color - color) in music - the predominant emotional coloring of an episode, achieved using various registers, timbres, harmonic(see) and other expressive means.

Carol- the general name of the Slavic folk ritual songs pagan origin associated with the celebration of Christmas (new year's eve).

Composer(Latin compositor - composer, compiler, creator) - the author of a musical work.

Composition(lat. compositio - composition, arrangement) - 1. Musical creativity, the process of creating a musical work. 2. The internal structure of a musical work, the same as a musical form. 3. A separate piece of music.

Contralto(it. contralto) - the lowest female voice, the same as in choir viola.

Counterpoint(from Latin punctumcontrapunctum - point against point, that is, note against note) - 1. The simultaneous combination of two or more melodically independent voices. 2. The science of the laws of the combination of simultaneously sounding melodies, the same as polyphony.

Contrast(fr. contraste - opposite) - a bright expressive means of music, which consists in the rapprochement and direct opposition of dissimilar, sharply differing in character musical episodes. Musical figurative-emotional K. is carried out with the help of tempo, dynamic, tonal, register, timbre(see) and other oppositions.

Concert(from lat. concertare - to compete, it. concerto - consent) - 1. Public performance of musical works. 2. A large, usually three-part, work for soloist(see) tool with orchestra, brilliant, spectacular, with developed elements virtuosity, in some cases approaching in richness and significance of the ideological and artistic content to symphonies.

climax(from lat. culmen - top, top) - the moment of highest tension in the musical development.

Couplet(fr. couplet - stanza) - repeated part songs.

banknote(fr. coupure - clipping, reduction) - reduction of a piece of music by removing, skipping any episode, in opera — scenes, paintings or act.

Lezginka- a dance common among the peoples of the Caucasus, temperamental, impetuous; size 2/4 or 6/8.

Leitmotif(German Leitmotiv - leading motive) - musical thought, melody associated in opera with a certain character, memory, experience, phenomenon or abstract concept that arises in music when it appears or is mentioned in the course of a stage action.

Landler(German: Ländler) is a German and Austrian dance of folk origin, the predecessor of waltz, lively, but not fast movement; size 3/4.

Libretto(it. libretto - notebook, little book) - full literary text operas, operettas; verbal presentation of content ballet. The author L. is a librettist.

Madrigal(it. madrigale) - a European polyphonic secular song of the 16th century, of an exquisite nature, usually of love content.

Mazurka(from Polish mazur - a resident of Mazovia) - a Polish dance of folk origin, lively, with a sharp, sometimes syncopated(cm.) rhythm; size 3/4.

March(fr. marche - walking, procession) - genre, Related to rhythm walking, characterized by a clear, measured, energetic movement. M. is marching, solemn, mourning; size 2/4 or 4/4.

Brass instruments— wind instruments, made of copper and other metals, forming a special group in the symphony orchestra, which includes horns, trumpets (sometimes partially replaced by cornets), trombones and tuba. M. d. and. are the basis brass band. In the symphony score group M. d. and. written under the group woodwind instruments, placed in the above order.

Meistersingers(German Meistersinger - master of singing) - in medieval Germany (XIV-XVII centuries) shop musicians.

Melodeclamation(from Greek melos - song and Latin declamatio - recitation) - expressive reading (most often poetry), accompanied by music.

Melody(Greek melodia - singing a song from melos - song and ode - singing) - the main idea of ​​a musical work, expressed in a monophonic melody, the most important means of musical expression.

Melodrama(from the Greek melos - song and drama - action) - 1. Part of a dramatic work, accompanied by music. 2. A negative characterization of works or episodes, characterized by exaggerated sensitivity, sentimentality, bad taste.

Minuet(fr. menuet) - an old French dance, originally of folk origin, in the 17th century - a court dance, at the end of the 18th century it was introduced into the symphony cycle(cm. symphony). M. is distinguished by smooth and graceful movements; size 3/4.

Mass(fr. messe, lat. missa) - a large multi-part work for chora with instrumental accompaniment, sometimes with the participation of singers- soloists written in religious latin text. M. - the same as the Catholic mass, liturgy.

mezzo-soprano(from it. mezzo - median and soprano) - a female voice, in register occupying an intermediate position between soprano and contralto. mezzo soprano in chore- the same as alt.

Miniature(it. miniatura) - small orchestral, vocal(see) or an instrumental piece.

Monologue(from the Greek monos - one, speech uttered by one person) in music - one of the most effective solo vocal forms in opera, which usually captures the process of intense experience or reflection, leading to a decision. M., as a rule, is built from several non-identical, contrasting episodes.

Motive(from it. motivo - reason, motivation, and lat. motus - movement) - 1. Part melodies, which has an independent expressive meaning; a group of sounds is a melody united around one accent - stress. 2. In the common sense - a melody, a melody.

musical drama- originally the same as opera. In common sense, one of genres opera, which is characterized by the leading role of intense dramatic action that unfolds on the stage and determines the principles of musical embodiment.

Musical comedy- cm. operetta.

Nocturne(fr. nocturne - night) - the name of relatively small instrumental instruments that spread in the 19th century (rarely - vocal) plays lyrical-contemplative character with expressive melodious melody.

Number- the smallest, relatively complete, allowing separate, independent execution opera episode, ballet or operettas.

But no(from lat. nonus - ninth) - a relatively rare type of opera or chamber ensemble for nine participants.

Oh yeah(Greek ode) - the name of a piece of music borrowed from literature (more often - vocal) solemn laudatory character.

Octet(from lat. octo - eight) - ensemble eight participants.

Opera(it. opera - action, work, from lat. opus - labor, creation) - synthetic genre musical art, including dramatic action, singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestral music, as well as pictorial and decorative design. The opera is made up of solo episodes — aria, recitatives, as well as ensembles, choirs, ballet scenes, independent orchestral numbers (see overture, intermission, introduction). O. is divided into acts and paintings. O. as an independent genre spread in Europe in the 17th century, and in Russia from the middle of the 18th century. Further development led to the formation of various national styles and ideological and artistic types of opera (see. O. big french, O.-buffa, O. comic, O. lyrical-dramatic, O. lyrical French, O. beggars, O.-series, O. epic, singspiel, musical drama, operetta). As a result of its diverse historical development, music became the most democratic genre among the complex monumental genres of musical art.

Grand Opera French(French grandopéra) - a variety that became widespread in the middle of the 19th century, which is characterized by the embodiment of historical themes in a monumental, colorful performance rich in effective moments.

opera buffa(it. opera-buffa) - Italian comic opera that emerged in the first half of the 18th century. About. based on everyday stories, often acquiring a satirical coloring. Developed from the Italian folk "comedy of masks" (comediadelarte), O.-b. reflected the progressive democratic tendencies of the late 18th and first half of the 19th centuries.

Opera comic- the general specific name of the opera genre that arose in Europe from the middle of the 18th century under the influence of democratic ideas as opposed to courtly aristocratic art. O. to. in different countries had different names: in Italy - opera buffa, in Germany and Austria singspiel, in Spain - tonadilla, in England - beggar's opera, or ballad song opera. O. c. is the generally accepted name for the proper French variety of this genre, which is characterized by the inclusion of colloquial dialogues.

Opera lyrical-dramatic- a variety that developed in the operatic art of the second half of the 19th century. For O. l.-d. characteristic is the foreground of dramatic, often tragic personal destinies and human relationships, shown against a realistically truthful life background, in-depth attention composer to the mental life of the characters, their feelings, psychological contradictions and conflicts.

French lyric opera- own name French lyric-dramatic opera.

Beggar's Opera(English beggarsopera) - English variety comic opera, in which folk songs were widely used - ballads.

Opera series(Italian operaseria - serious opera, as opposed to comic) - Italian opera of the 18th century, associated with the court-aristocratic environment. Based, as a rule, on mythological and historical-legendary subjects, O.-s. distinguished by the splendor of the production, masterly glitter vocal parts, but in its development was constrained by the conventions of plots, situations and characters.

Opera epic- a kind of classical opera, predominantly developed in Russia, characterized by the use of plots from the folk epos - legends, legends and examples of folk songwriting. Stage action and music of O. e. maintained in the spirit of a majestic, unhurried narrative. To genre O. e. adjoins also an opera-fairy tale.

Operetta(it. operetta - small opera) - a theatrical performance that combines singing and dancing, accompanied by orchestra with conversational scenes, deriving from comic opera XVIII century. European O. of the 19th century is characterized by an abundance of comedic situations of a satirical or purely entertaining nature. In Soviet musical and theatrical art, O. is more often referred to as musical comedy.

Oratorio(from lat. oratoria - eloquence) - a large vocal and symphonic genre musical art, the works of which are intended to be performed chorus, soloists-singers and orchestra. O. is based on a certain plot that generally tells about the historical or legendary events of folk life, usually with a sublime, heroic coloring. The plot of O. is embodied in a number of completed solo, choral and orchestral(see) numbers sometimes shared recitatives.

Organ(from the Greek organon - instrument, instrument) - the largest of modern musical instruments that has existed and improved over many centuries. O, is a system of pipes that sound due to the blowing of a jet of air into them, produced mechanically. The presence of pipes of different sizes and shapes allows you to extract sounds of different heights and timbre. O. control is carried out using keyboards, manual (up to three manuals) and foot (pedal), as well as numerous switches registers. In terms of power and colorful richness of sound, the O. competes with the symphonic orchestra.

Orchestra(from the Greek. orchestra - in the ancient Greek theater, the place in front of the stage, which housed the choir) - a large group of musicians-performers, intended for the joint performance of musical works. Unlike ensemble, some parties in O. are performed simultaneously by several musicians like a monophonic chora. According to the composition of instruments, orchestras are divided into symphonic, brass, folk instruments, pop, jazz, etc. Opera opera, as well as symphony, consists of four main groups of instruments - groups woodwinds, brass, percussion, strings bowed, and also includes some single instruments that are not included in any of the groups (harp, occasionally piano, guitar, etc.).

Orchestration- creating an orchestral scores, the embodiment of musical thought by means of orchestral expressiveness. O. - the same as instrumentation.

Parody(Greek parodià, from para - against and ode - song, singing, letters, singing vice versa) - imitation for the purpose of distortion, ridicule.

Score(it. partitura - division, distribution) - musical notation ensemble, orchestral, operatic, oratorio-cantata(see) and other music that requires many performers. The number of P. lines is determined by the number of parties included in it - instrumental, solo vocal and choral, which are in a certain order.

The consignment(from lat. pars - part) - part of the music ensemble, operas etc. performed by one or a group of musicians or singers.

Pastoral(from lat. pastoralis - shepherd) - music, musical play or theatrical scene, expressed in gentle, lyrically soft contemplative tones, painting calm pictures of nature and an idealized serene rural life (cf. idyll).

Song- basic vocal genre folk musical creativity and related genre of vocal music in general. P. is characterized by the presence of a clear, convex, expressive and slender melodies, which has a generalized figurative and emotional content, embodying the feelings and thoughts of not an individual, but a people. The combination of these features is included in the concept of songwriting as a special means of musical expression, a special warehouse of musical thinking. Folk music, reflecting the most diverse aspects of the life of the people in an innumerable variety of varieties and genres, is the main source of musical art. In the development of folk poetry and the highly artistic refraction of its national characteristics, the greatest merit belongs to the Russians. classical composers. P. is widely represented in their works as a genre of everyday life, at the same time song, the song beginning was for them the leading artistic device. In the narrow sense, P. is a small vocal piece with or without accompaniment, distinguished by its simplicity and melodically expressive melodiousness, usually in couplet form, as well as an instrumental piece of similar size and character.

subvoice- more or less independent melody accompanying the main tune in polyphonic music. The presence of developed P. is a characteristic feature of the Russian folk choral(see) music.

Polyphony(from Greek poly - many and phone - voice, letters, polyphony) - 1. Simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodies having independent expressive meaning. 2. The science of polyphonic music, the same as counterpoint.

prelude, prelude(from lat. prae - before and ludus - game) - 1. Introduction, introduction to the play or completed musical episode, opera stage, ballet etc. 2. A common name for small instrumental pieces of various content, character and structure.

Premiere- first show operas, ballet, operettas at the theater stage; the first public performance of a musical work (applies to major works only).

Chorus- part songs, invariably, together with the same verbal text, repeated after each of its couplet.

Lamentations, lamentations— song- crying, one of the most common in pre-revolutionary Russia genres folk songs; usually has the character of a mournfully agitated recitative.

Prologue(from lat. prae - before and Greek. logos - word, speech) - an introductory part in a drama, novel, opera etc., introducing into the story; sometimes P. introduces the events that preceded the depicted.

musical development- the movement of musical images, their changes, collisions, mutual transitions, reflecting the processes that take place in the mental life of a person or the hero of a musical and theatrical performance, as well as in the surrounding reality. R. m. is an important factor in the musical dramaturgy, directing the listener's attention to the most significant parts of the story. R. m. is carried out using a variety of compositional and expressive techniques; all means of musical expression are involved in it.

Requiem(from lat. requiem - peace) - a monumental work for chora, soloists-singers and orchestra. Initially, R. is a mourning Catholic mass. Subsequently, in the works of Mozart, Berlioz, Verdi, R. lost its ritual and religious character, turning into a dramatic, philosophically significant musical genre animated by deep universal human feelings and great thoughts.

Recitative(from lat. recitare - read, recite) - musical speech, the most flexible solo form singing in opera, characterized by a large rhythmic(see) diversity and freedom of construction. Usually R. introduces into aria, emphasizing its melodious melody. R. often reproduces the characteristic intonations of living human speech, making it an indispensable tool in creating a musical portrait of the character. The main varieties of R. - R.-secco ("dry", accompanied by rare jerky orchestra chords or chembalo), R.-accompagnato ("accompanied", sounding against the background of a coherent chord accompaniment) and R.-obligato ("mandatory", which indicates the need for an independent melodic thought in the orchestral accompaniment).

Rigaudon(fr. rigodon, rigaudon) - an old Provencal (France) dance of the 17th-18th centuries, a lively, vigorous movement; time signature 4/4 or 2/3 with one-quarter advance.

Rhythm(from the Greek rythmos - dimensional flow) - the organization of musical movement in time, periodic alternation and the ratio of strong and weak parts. A periodically repeating group of strong and weak beats is called a measure. The number of beats in a measure is called the time signature. R. is an important expressive means of musical art, reaching a special richness and variety in dance music associated with the plasticity of the movement of the human body.

Romance(fr. romance) - solo lyrical song with instrumental accompaniment, characterized by an intimate structure of feelings, individualized content, special subtlety and expressive variety accompaniment. Vocal melody R. often includes elements recitative.

Rondo(French rondeau from ronde - round, the name of an old French choral song) - the form building a musical plays, consisting of several (at least three) contrasting episodes, separated by a periodically returning first episode (refrain).

Sarabande(Spanish zarabanda) - an old Spanish dance in the nature of a slow majestic procession; size 3/4. Genre S. was often used to create images of deep mournful reflection, a funeral procession.

Seguidilla(Spanish seguidilla) - fast Spanish dance, accompanied by whimsical rhythm castanets; size 3/4 or 3/8.

Sextet(from lat. sextus - sixth) - operatic-vocal or instrumental ensemble seven participants.

Serenade(from Italian sera - evening, letters, "evening song") - originally in Spain and Italy, a love song sung with accompaniment guitars or mandolins under the sweetheart's window. Then - works of a welcoming nature for instrumental ensembles and orchestra. Subsequently, S. is the name of lyrical solo songs with instrumental accompaniment, stylized in the spirit of a guitar accompaniment, as well as the name of the lyrical instrumental or orchestral cycle.

Symphony(from the Greek symphonia - consonance) - a monumental work for the orchestra, genre which took shape in the second half of the 18th century. S., as a rule, consists of four large diverse, contrasting parts, in which a wide range of life phenomena is reflected, a wealth of moods and conflicts is embodied. The first part of S. usually has a conflict-dramatic character and is sustained in fast movement; sometimes it is preceded by a slow introduction. The second is a lyrical chant, imbued with moods of reflection. Third - minuet, scherzo or waltz— in a lively dance move. Fourth - the final, the fastest, often festive, upbeat character. However, there are other principles of construction. The set of parts, united by a common poetic idea, forms a symphonic cycle.

Scherzo(it. scherzo - joke) - a small instrumental or orchestral work of a lively, perky character, which has a sharp, clear rhythm, sometimes acquiring a dramatic coloring. From the beginning of the 19th century, S. entered the symphony cycle, taking place in it minuet.

buffoons- carriers of Russian folk art in the XI-XVII centuries, itinerant actors, musicians and dancers.

Solo(it. solo - one, only) - an independent performance of one performer with a whole play or in a separate episode if the play is written for ensemble or orchestra. Performer S. - soloist.

Sonata(from it. sonare - to sound) - 1. In the 17th century - the name of any instrumental work, in contrast to the vocal one. 2. Since the 18th century - the name of a work for one or two instruments, consisting of three or four parts of a certain nature, which form a sonata cycle, in general terms similar to the symphonic one (cf. symphony).

Sonata Allegro- the form in which the first parts are written sonatas and symphonies, - sustained in fast (allegro) tempe. S.'s form and. consists of three large sections: exposition, development and reprise. The exposition is a presentation of two central, contrasting musical images created in the main and secondary parties; development - development topics the main and side parties, the clash and struggle of their images; reprise - a repetition of the exposition with a new ratio of images of the main and secondary parties, achieved as a result of their struggle in development. S.'s form and. the most effective, dynamic, it creates ample opportunities for a realistic reflection of the phenomena of objective reality and the spiritual life of a person in their internal inconsistency and ongoing development. S.'s form and. developed by the middle of the 18th century and soon became widespread not only in the first parts symphonies, sonatas, quartets, instrumental concerts, but also in one-part symphonic poems, concert and opera overtures, and in some cases in extended opera arias (for example, Ruslan's aria in Glinka's opera Ruslan and Lyudmila).

Soprano(from it. sopra - above, above) - the highest female voice. S. is subdivided into coloratura, lyrical and dramatic.

Style(in music) - a set of features that characterize the work of composers of a certain country, historical period, individual composer.

Stringed instruments- instruments in which sound occurs as a result of vibration (vibration) of stretched strings. According to the method of sound extraction S. and. are divided into bowed (violin, viola, cello, double bass), keyboard ( piano and his predecessors, cf. chembalo) and plucked (harp, mandolin, guitar, balalaika, etc.).

Scene(Latin scena from Greek skene - tent, tent). - 1. Theatrical stage on which the performance takes place. 2. Part of theatrical performance, separate episode act or paintings.

Scenario(it. scenario) - a more or less detailed presentation of the course of action unfolding on stage in opera, ballet and operetta, a schematic retelling of their plot. On the basis of S. is created libretto operas.

Suite(French suite - series, sequence) - the name of a multi-part cyclic work in which parts are compared according to the principle contrast and have a less close internal ideological and artistic connection than in the symphonic cycle (cf. symphony). Usually S. is a series of dances or descriptive and illustrative pieces of a program nature, and sometimes an extract from a major musical and dramatic work ( operas, ballet, operettas, motion picture).

Tarantella(it. tarantella) - very fast, temperamental Italian folk dance; size 6/8.

The theme is musical(Greek thema - the subject of the story) - the main, subject development a musical thought expressed in a relatively small, complete, embossed, vividly expressive and memorable melody (see also keynote).

Timbre(fr. timbre) - a specific quality, characteristic coloring of the sound of a voice or instrument.

Pace(from it. tempo - time) - the speed of performance and the nature of the movement in a piece of music. T. is indicated by the words: very slowly - largo (largo), slowly - adagio (adagio), calmly, smoothly - andante (andante), moderately fast - moderato (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), very quickly - presto (presto ). Sometimes T. is determined by reference to the well-known nature of the movement: “at the pace waltz"," at the pace march". From the middle of the 19th century, t. was also designated by the metronome, where the number corresponds to the number of indicated durations per minute. The verbal designation T. often serves as the name of a play or its individual parts that do not have a title (for example, the names of parts in a sonata cycle- allegro, andante, etc., ballet adagio, etc.).

Tenor(from lat. tenere - to hold, direct) - a high male voice. T is subdivided into lyrical and dramatic.

Tercet(from lat. tertius - third) - operatic and vocal ensemble three participants. Another name for T. - trio, also used to denote instrumental ensembles with the same number of performers.

Trio(it. trio from tre - three) - 1. In vocal music, the same as tercet. 2. Instrumental ensemble of three performers. 3. Middle section in march, waltz, minuet, scherzo smoother and more melodious character; this meaning of the term originated in early instrumental music, in which the middle section was performed by three instruments.

Troubadours, trouvers- knights-poets and singers in medieval France.

Overture(French ouverture - opening, beginning) - 1. Orchestral piece performed before the start operas or ballet, usually based on the themes of the work to which it precedes, and concisely embodying its main idea. 2. The name of an independent one-movement orchestral work, often related to program music.

Percussion instruments- musical instruments from which sound is extracted by striking. U. and. there are: 1) with a certain pitch - timpani, bells and bells, celesta, xylophone and 2) with a sound of indefinite pitch - tam-tom, big and snare drums, tambourine, cymbals, triangle, castanets, etc.

Texture(lat. factura - lit. division, processing) - the structure of the sound fabric of a musical work, including melody accompanying her echoes or polyphonic vote, accompaniment etc.

Fandango(Spanish fandango - Spanish folk dance of moderate movement, accompanied by playing the castanets; size 3/4.

Fantasy(Greek phantasia - imagination, fiction in general, fiction) - masterly free forms. 1. In the 17th century improvisational nature of the introduction to fugue or sonata. 2. Virtuoso composition on Topics any operas, the same as transcription (Latin transcriptio - rewriting) or paraphrase (from Greek paraphrasis - description, retelling, paraphrase). 3. An instrumental piece with a whimsical, fantastic character of music.

Fanfare(it. fanfara) - a trumpet signal, usually of a festive solemn nature.

The final(it. finale - final) - the final part of a multi-part work, operas or ballet.

Folklore(from English folk - people and lore - teaching, science) - a collection of works of oral literary and musical folk art.

Musical form(lat. forma - appearance, shape) - 1. Means of embodying the ideological and figurative content, including melody, harmony, polyphony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, invoice, as well as compositional principles of construction or F. in a narrow sense. 2. F. in the narrow sense - the historically established and developed patterns of the structure of musical works, the layout and relationships of parts and sections that determine the general contours of a musical work. The most common are F. tripartite, couplet, variational, rondo, sonata, as well as F. construction suite, sonata and symphonic(cm.) cycles.

piano(from it. forte-piano - loud-quietly) - the general name of the keyboard string instrument (piano, piano), which allows, unlike its predecessors - the harpsichord, chembalo, clavichord, receive sounds of various strengths. sound range and speakers, expressiveness and colorful variety of sound, great virtuoso and technical capabilities made F. predominantly solo and concert performers (cf. concert) an instrument, as well as a participant in many chamber-instrumental ensembles.

Fragment(from lat. fragmentum - fragment, piece) - a fragment of something.

Phrase(Greek phrasis - turn of speech, expression) - in music, a short relatively complete passage, part melodies, framed by pauses (caesuras).

Fugue(it. and lat. fuga - running) - a one-part work, which is polyphonic(see) exposition and subsequent development one melodies, Topics.

Fugato(from fuga) - polyphonic episode in an instrumental or vocal play, built like fugues, but not finished and turning into music of the usual, non-polyphonic warehouse.

fugetta(it. fugetta - small fugue) - fugue small sizes, with a reduced development section.

Furiant(Czech, lit. - proud, arrogant) - impetuous temperamental Czech folk dance; variable size - 2/4, 3/4.

Habanera(Spanish habanera - letters, Havana, from Havana) - Spanish folk song-dance, characterized by a restrained clear rhythm; size 2/4.

choir(from Greek choros) - 1. A large singing group, consisting of several groups, each of which performs its own party. 2. Compositions for the choir, independent or included in an operatic work, in which they are one of the most important forms often used in the creation of mass folk scenes.

Chorale(from Greek choros) - 1. Church choral singing to a religious text, common in the Middle Ages. 2. A choral or other work or episode based on a uniform, unhurried movement chords, characterized by a sublimely contemplative character.

Hota(Spanish jota) - Spanish folk dance of temperamental live movement, accompanied by a song; size 3/4.

Music cycle(from the Greek. kyklos - circle, circuit) - a set of parts of a multi-part work, following one after another in a certain order. C. is based on the principle of contrast. The main varieties are the sonata-symphony ts., suite ts. (see. symphony, suite); cyclic also include the forms masses and requiem.

Chembalo(it. cembalo, claviecembalo) is the Italian name for the harpsichord, the forerunner of the modern piano. In the 17th and 18th centuries Ch. was part of operatic or oratorio orchestra accompanying the performance recitatives.

Ecossaise(fr. écossaise - "Scottish") - Scottish folk dance of fast movement; size 2/4.

Expression(from lat. expressio - expression) in music - increased expressiveness.

Elegy(Greek elegia from elegos - complaint) - play sad, thoughtful character.

Epigraph(Greek epigraphe - letters. inscription on the monument) - a figurative name of the initial musical phrase borrowed from literature, Topics or a passage that defines the predominant character, the leading thought of the entire work.

Episode(Greek epeisodion - incident, event) - a small part of the musical and theatrical action; sometimes a section introduced into a piece of music that has the character of a digression.

Epilogue(Greek epilogos from epi - after and logos - word, speech) - the final part of the work, summing up the events, sometimes talking about events that occurred after some time.

Epitaph(Greek epitaphios) - grave word.

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Accompaniment- musical accompaniment of a soloist (singer, instrumentalist, ensemble, dance, gymnastic exercises, etc.)
Chord(consonance) - the simultaneous sounding of three or more sounds, different in height, name.
Accent(accent) - emphasizing a sound, chord. A. has various graphic designations: >, V, ^, sf, etc. They are affixed in vocal (solo and choral) parts above the staff (in the absence of text); in instrumental works. A. can be affixed between musical lines or above each separately, depending on the expressiveness of the performer.
Alteration- raising or lowering a sound by a semitone or a tone using signs: # (sharp) raises by a semitone; b (flat) lowers a semitone; - (bekar) cancels sharp or flat, etc.
Ensemble(together). 1. Musical work for several performers: duet(two performers) trio or tercet(three), quartet(four), quintet(five), etc. 2. A single artistic team. 3. Unity, consistency of choral performance.
Fingering- designation in the notes of the correct alternation of fingers for the convenience of playing musical instruments.
Arpeggio- successive performance in a chord of sounds one after another.
Volta- a graphic designation of the repetition of the previous musical passage, which is indicated as follows:

Gamma- scale - sequential sounding of the steps of the fret in ascending and descending movements. The most common G. are diatonic (from 7 steps) and chromatic (from 12 steps).
Harmonization- instrumental accompaniment of the melody, written in folk or other styles.
Harmony. 1. A consistent, regular combination of consonances in terms of mode and tonality. 2. Academic subject in music theory.
Range- the sound capabilities of a singing voice or any instrument, the volume between the highest and lowest sounds of the voice (instrument).
Dynamics(strength) - the use of amplification or weakening of the sound as an expressive means of performance. The main graphic symbols of D.: f (forte) - loud, p (piano) - soft, mf (mezzo forte) - moderately loud, mp (mezzo piano) - moderately quiet, crescendo (crescendo) - amplifying, diminuendo (diminuendo) - weakening, etc.
Duration- the property of sound that determines its length. The main designation for duration is a whole note, equal to two half notes, four quarter notes, eight eighth notes, etc.

share- a unit of musical time (sound), divided into strong (percussion), weak (unstressed).
Dissonance- consonance, in which sounds do not combine, cause a feeling of coherence.
Genre- a concept that defines the content, character, direction of a musical work, for example, the genre of opera, symphony, vocal, chamber music. Genre usually refers to music closely related to everyday life (march, dance, etc.).
Zatakt- the beginning of a piece of music with a weak beat.

Sound musical- vibration of a sounding body, which has the main properties: height, duration, timbre, dynamics (strength).
Scale- the sequence of the main steps of the mode: do, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si.
Improvisation - creative activity directly during performance, i.e. inventing your own versions of songs, dances, marches, etc.
Interval- the distance between two sounds of different pitch, of which the lower one is called the base, the upper one is the top, for example prima(repetition of the same sound) second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, octave etc.
Intonation- melodic turn, the smallest musical construction, which has independent expressiveness.
Key - a sign that determines the pitch and name of the sound and is placed at the beginning of the musical notation. Most used:

violin bass

(salt- on the second line), (fa - on the fourth line).

Consonance- consonance, in which sounds merge and, as it were, complement each other.
Lad- ratio, the relationship of stable and unstable sounds.
Legato- related performance of several sounds.
League- a graphic image in the form of an arc (concave or convex), which indicates the associated performance of several sounds of different heights, an increase in the duration of one sound, the combination of sounds performed in a song into one syllable.

melismas- peculiar musical ornaments of one sound:

Major- modal sound, which most often conveys a bright, joyful mood of music.
Melody- a monophonic sequence of sounds united by semantic content.
Meter- sequential alternation of strong and weak beats in a measure.
Minor- a modal sound that most often conveys the pensive, sad mood of the music.
Polyphony- a consonant combination of several independent melodic lines (voices).
Modulation- a logical, intonational transition to a different key.
motive- the smallest musical structure, usually contains one strong beat.
Musical literacy- basic knowledge in the field of music theory.
Note- graphic representation of sound.
stave(stave) - a graphic image of five horizontal parallel lines for recording notes.
Nuance- a shade that emphasizes the character of the sound of music.
Pause- a sign that interrupts the musical sound for a certain period of time and corresponds to the duration of the notes.

Semitone- the smallest distance between two sounds that are different in pitch.
The size- the number of strong and weak beats of a certain duration that form a beat; It is displayed as a fraction, in the denominator of which the duration of one beat is indicated, in the numerator - the number of such shares. It is set at the beginning of the work, on each staff separately, after the key signs, and the value is stored until the end of the work or until the old time signature is changed and a new one is established. For example: 2/4, *, 6/8, etc.
Register- determines the sound range of a musical instrument, a singing voice and differs in high, medium and low.
Rhythm- sequential alternation of sounds (of different heights and durations) that have a semantic and expressive meaning.
Syncope- shifting the sound stress from a strong beat to a weak one.
Staccato- a performance technique characterized by a short, abrupt sound.
Steps fret- sounds with the following designations:

Tact- a small segment of a piece of music enclosed between two strong beats (starts with a strong one and ends before a strong one) T. is divided on a musical line by a bar line (vertical line).
Pace- speed of movement, alternation of metric units. The designations T are put down at the beginning of the work above the first musical line in Russian and Italian, for example: moderately - moderate (moderato), quickly - allegro (allegro), lingering - adagio (adagio).
Tone- the distance between two sounds, including two semitones.
Tonality is a specific pitch of sounds of a certain mode, characteristic of a particular work. T. has its own key signs and is determined by the position of the tonic at one or another degree of the scale.
Transposition(transposition) - the performance of a work (song, play) in a different key.
Triad- a chord in which three sounds are arranged in thirds (for example, do-mi-sol). T. can be major or minor and thus determine the mode.
Texture- a combination of various means of musical expression: melody, accompaniment, individual voices, echoes, theme, etc.
Fermata- graphic designation of additional extension, sound for greater expressiveness.

Musical form- in a broad sense, combines expressive means: melody, rhythm, harmony, structure. In a narrow sense, F. is the structure of a work, for example, two-part and three-part forms.
Chromatism- semitone pitch change using accidentals.

Vocal and choral art

A cappella- polyphonic, mostly choral penis without instrumental accompaniment.
Vocalization- singing, performing technique of singing to vowel sounds.
vocal music- Designed for singing. There are three main types of singing: solo (one performer), ensemble (duets, trios, etc.), choral (collective performance, monophonic or polyphonic, with accompaniment or a cappella).
vocal art- Singing skills.
detonation- Wrong, inaccurate sound.
Range- the sound volume of the singing voice.
Diction- clear, intelligible, expressive pronunciation of words.
Chorus- the beginning of a solo or choral song.
Cantilena- melodious, smooth, manner of performance.
Chorus- part of the song (in couplet form), performed on the same text.

Dance

Bulba- a Belarusian folk song-dance of a lively, cheerful character, having a double meter.
Waltz- a ballroom dance of a smooth, moderately fast character, having a triple meter.
Gallop- ballroom dance, the pace is rapidly fast; two quarter size.
Hopak- Ukrainian folk dance, fast, impetuous, based on big jumps; two quarter size.
Krakowiak– Polish folk dance, lively character; size two quarters; rhythm with characteristic syncopations.
Lyavonikha- Belarusian folk song-dance of a lively, cheerful character with underlined stomp at the end of each musical phrase; the pace is fast; two quarter size.
Mazurka- Polish folk dance with a characteristic sharp rhythm; triple size.
Minuet- an old French ballroom dance of a smooth, somewhat flirty character; three quarter size; the pace is accelerated.
Polka- Czech folk pair dance of a cheerful, light, mobile character; double size; the pace is fast.
round dance- mass game, with singing and movements in a circle.

Elements of dance movements

Runner I. p .: feet in the main stance (heels together, toes apart). Push off with your left foot and make a small jump forward with your right foot (counting “times”), gently lowering yourself onto it; then move forward on an easy run: left foot (count "and"), right foot (count "two"). After that, start the same movements with the left leg (jump, run, etc.).
Lateral gallop- an element of dance, is learned into the account: "one and, two and." I. p .: main stand. The movements are light and springy. On “one” - a small step with a jump with the right foot to the side (from the toe, slightly bending the knees); on "and" - land on the left; on "two and" - repeat the movement.
Fractional step. I. p .: feet parallel, knees slightly bent. It is performed rhythmically, on the spot, on the entire foot with rapidly alternating stomps: right, left, right, etc.
Picker is an element of dance. I. p .: legs in the main stance. It is performed on the account of "one and, two and." On “time and” - a small jump on the left leg, at the same time take the right leg to the side, touching the toe of the floor, turn the slightly bent knee inward; on “two and” - make the second jump on the left leg, put the right on the heel, turn the knee outward.
pas de basque is an element of dance. I. p .: legs d main stance. It is performed at the expense of "and one, and two." On the “and” - a small jump, with a push of the left foot, move the right foot forward and to the right (low above the floor); on “time” - land on the right leg, bend the left, knee out; on “and” - step with the left foot, slightly bending the knee, raise the right one; on "two" - step with the right foot, slightly bending the knee, raise the left and slightly bend.
Russian variable pitch. I. p .: main stand. It is performed on the account of “one and two and” On “one” - step with the right foot forward from the toe; on "and" - a small step with the left foot on the toe (the heel is raised low); on "two and" - a small step with the right foot forward from the toe. Then the movements are performed from the left leg.
Russian round dance step. I. p .: legs in the third position (the heel of the right foot is attached to the middle of the left foot). The movements are a smooth alternate step with each leg from the scythe.
Waltz step(gymnastic). I. p .: toe stand. It is performed on the account - “one two three”. On “time” - step with the right foot forward from the toe to the entire foot, slightly bending the knee (gently springing); on “two, three” - two small steps forward with the left, then with the right foot on the toes (legs are straight).
Waltz step(dance). I. p .: toe stand. It is performed, like the previous step, but on the run, rapidly.
Polka step. I. p .: legs in third position. Performed at the expense of “and one, and two” On “and” - a small sliding jump on the left leg forward, slightly lift the right one forward; on "one" - step right forward on the toe; on "and" - put the left foot behind the right (third position); on "two" - step with the right foot forward.
Drop step. I. p .: legs in the main stance. It is performed at the expense of "and one, and two." On "and" - raise the right leg to the side, to the right; on “one” - take a small step from the toe to the entire foot, slightly bending the knee, at the same time lift the left leg bent at the knee; on the “and” - straightening the legs, stand on the toe of the left leg (behind the right), take the right one to the side; on "two and" - repeat the movement.
Step with a tide. I. p .: feet parallel, knees slightly bent. Performed at the expense of "one, two." On "one" - a small step with a blow of the right foot on the floor, on "two" - the same step with the left foot.