Problems of texts on the exam. Examples of exam essays Sample problems on the exam in Russian

The USE in Russian consists of two parts and 25 tasks.

First part represents 24 tasks. They can be test, the choice of one or more answers, open type (enter the pass yourself).

The answer to the tasks of part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers) written without spaces, commas and other additional characters.

The tasks of Part 1 test the assimilation of educational material by graduates at both basic and advanced levels of complexity (tasks 7, 23–24).

The second part - consists of one task - 25. This task involves writing an essay based on the read and analyzed text.

The task of part 2 (task 25 - composition) can be completed by the examinee at any level of complexity (basic, advanced, high).

210 minutes - 3.5 hours are given for work.

Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper

Scattering by tasks

Below I will give the "cost" of each task performed.

For the correct completion of each task first part (except tasks 1, 7, 15 and 24) the examiner receives 1 point each. For an incorrect answer or its absence, 0 points are set.

For completing tasks 1 and 15, from 0 to 2 points can be set.

The answer is considered correct if it contains all the numbers from the standard and there are no other numbers.

Task 7 can be assigned from 0 to 5 points.

For each correctly indicated digit corresponding to the number from the list, the examinee receives 1 point (5 points: no errors; 4 points: one mistake was made; 3 points: two mistakes were made; 2 points: two numbers are correctly indicated; 1 point: correctly indicated only one number 0 points: completely wrong answer, i.e. wrong sequence of numbers or none.

Task 24 can be assigned from 0 to 4 points. The answer is considered correct if it contains all the numbers from the standard and there are no other numbers.

The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive if he correctly completed the task second part , is 24 points.

For the correct completion of all tasks of the examination paper, you can get the maximum 57 primary points .

What are the problems?

1. Moral problems
2. Social problems
3.Philosophical problems
4. Aesthetic problems
5. Political issues
6.Environmental issues

How to determine the main problem of the text?

1. See if there are any questions in the read text.
2. Think about what problems of the text they contain.
3. Select the main one.
4. And if there are no interrogative sentences in the text, then you need to put questions to some sentences that contain the main idea.
5. The answer to the question and defines the problem of the text.

Formulation of specific problems of the text

1. The problem of the role of books in human life
2. The problem of the role of the book in the formation of personality
3. The problem of the role of reading in human life
4. The problem of speech culture in human life
5. The problem of the relationship between human speech and his intellectual development
6. The problem of the development of the Russian language
7. The problem of preserving the Russian language
8. The problem of education today
9. The problem of mercy and compassion in our lives
10. The problem of preserving the soul
11. The problem of callousness and hardness of heart
12. The problem of the role of love in human life
13. The problem of the role of friendship in our lives
14. The problem of the role of honor in human life
15. The problem of the role of conscience in human life
16. The problem of the role of patriotism in human life
17. The problem of loneliness in human life
18. The problem of a person's moral choice
19. The problem of the relationship of generations
20. The problem of relationships between family members
21. The problem of the moral significance of memory in people's lives
22. The problem of human indifference
23. The problem of choosing the right life goal
24. The problem of the role of the Internet in human life
25. The problem of the role of generosity in our lives
26. The problem of the meaning of human life
27. The problem of attitude towards elderly parents.
28. The problem of the role of external and internal beauty in our life
29. The problem of preservation of monuments
30. The problem of the role of childhood memories in the lives of adults
31. Problems of transitional age
32. The problem of the role of the influence of parents on the formation of the personality of the child.
33. The problem of the role of nature in people's lives
34. The problem of historical memory
35. The problem of the role of money in people's lives
36. The problem of interethnic conflicts.
37. The problem of the role of art in human life.
38. The problem of the role of music in human life
39. Problems of attitude to war
40. The problem of attitude towards animals
41. The role of the problem of selflessness and nobility of man
42. The problem of the role of talent and genius in human life
43. The problem of the role of freedom in human life
44. The problem of the significance of labor in human life
45. The problem of the role of mass culture in people's lives
46. ​​The problem of the moral lessons of war
47. The problem of indifferent and cruel attitude to nature
48. The problem of self-realization of a person in life
49. The problem of tolerance and its role in relations between people
50. The problem of social inequality

The unified state exam, the successful completion of which allows yesterday's schoolchildren to become students of prestigious universities, is a rather difficult task. Since the exam requires increased attention and a sufficient amount of necessary knowledge, educators recommend that students prepare well before proceeding to pass it.

Among the multiple tests of the Unified State Examination is an essay in the Russian language, the minimum volume of which should be 150 words. With fewer words, as practice has shown, it is quite difficult to fully reveal the existing topic.

Consider the process of creating an essay plan that will help express the essence of the essay and fully substantiate the point of view on the problem. As for most works of this kind, it would be useful to add an introductory and final part to the structure of the text. Most educators recommend the following type of plan for essay writing for exam:

1. The essence of the topic.
2. Comments on her.
3. Author's opinion.
4. The student's personal view of the problem.
5. Justification of your own point of view (give at least 2 arguments).

Let's bring examples of essays for the exam, which will help you navigate and write a decent presentation on the chosen topic.

Example 1

The entire text of Mikhailov is permeated with the thought of the phenomenon of a man of genius. The author emphasizes the inability of science to fully study and explain the nature of genius and find its source. Some thinkers believe that the currently known term "indigo children" can be justified as the birth of a child from the union of a person and an alien being, other scientists consider the emergence of such a gifted category of children as the result of genetic mutations.

As proof, Mikhailov cites a real story about an 8-year-old child. The girl may soon become disabled, but at the same time she demonstrates amazing abilities for drawing and learning languages. It can be assumed that such a case is a phenomenon, but in fact the reason for the girl's talent lies in the desire of her parents to help realize her daughter's talents.

Mikhailov expresses the opinion that only with the help of hard work and the help of relatives and close people can genius inclinations be manifested.

As argument I would like to give as an example a real story from the life of the composer Mozart. His talented, but lacking in genius rival Salieri envied Mozart, but was not going to sit for hours over notes, hoping that chance would help him defeat the "enemy". Mozart, on the other hand, was used to working hard, and it was this amazing diligence that helped him become what we know as a genius in his field.

The problem of the text echoes the real life of today's little geniuses, of which more and more are born every year. Each of them could establish himself in the chosen field and fully express himself, but often this is hindered by a lack of attention from parents. Teachers, as well as peers, sometimes simply scoff at indigo children, who are already very different from everyone else. Therefore, anyone who encounters such brilliant children can be advised to contribute to the process of birthing a real genius from a nascent talent.

Analyzing the work of N. Mikhailov, I came to think about the predominant role of the people around a brilliant child in shaping his genius. I would like to call on everyone to not allow the sprout of the outstanding abilities of the indigo child to be trampled into the dirt.

Example 2

Can war destroy everything that is highly moral in a person? Or is a particle of the animal in each of us sooner or later revealed under certain circumstances, crowding out human qualities? Or maybe even love for the enemy is provided for in our nature?

Tendryakov in his work gives the story of a fire in a German wartime hospital. The ongoing brutal war does not affect the manifestation of deep compassion and conscience by people. The author says that the tragic incident that happened before the eyes of many touched the heart of everyone, no one was left behind. V. Tendryakov in his text gives examples of the amazing empathy of enemies with each other and their help to comrades in difficult times.

My agreement with the text of the author leads to memories of the work of V. Zakrutkin "The Mother of Man" about the events of the Second World War and an excerpt from the novel "War and Peace". In the first case, the heroine of the work, despite her burning desire for revenge, forgives her enemy, who could be the murderer of her own son. Tolstoy's novel tells about the unused "human reserves": it describes the peaceful communication of Russian and French soldiers and their kind attitude towards each other, which, nevertheless, does not save them from the continuation of hostilities.

Tendryakov's text, which was offered to me for analysis, helped me come to the conclusion that the human always remains inside each of us and is only waiting for a convenient time to manifest itself, despite the drama of life situations.

Typical problems of the texts proposed for analysis in the essay-reasoning for the exam can be grouped into several blocks.

Updated in 2020. ACTUALLY!

How to search for a text problem?

1. The relationship of fathers and children.

• The problem of finding ways of mutual understanding between people of different age generations (What affects the relationship between fathers and children, the emergence of differences in their worldview? How can representatives of different generations learn to respect each other's views?)
• The problem of selfless and all-forgiving parental love.
• The problem of children betraying their parents.

2. The role of childhood in the formation of a person's personality, his moral guidelines.

• The problem of the influence of childhood on the formation of a person's life position, as well as on the formation of his moral guidelines.
• The problem of the role of a caring adult in shaping the personality of a teenager (How can adults influence the life of adolescents?).
• The problem of the influence of childhood events, childhood and youthful experiences on the formation of a person’s character, his future fate (What influence do the events that occurred in childhood have on the formation of a person’s character?).

3. The role of classical literature in the spiritual development of modern society.

• The problem of the role of the book in the intellectual, spiritual, moral development of modern society.
• The problem of reducing the level of reading activity in modern society (Why do modern youth begin to read less? Has the attitude towards books changed in society? Can television become an alternative to books?).
• The problem of understanding the importance and necessity of studying literature at school (Do modern schoolchildren need to study literature?).

4. The complexity and inconsistency of human actions.

• The problem of betrayal, which caused the destruction of friendly relations (Is it possible to continue friendship after betrayal?).
• The problem of moral choice of a person in an extreme life situation.
• The problem of distinguishing true heroism from false heroism associated with the senseless risk of one's own life.

5. Human nobility.

• The problem of honor as one of the main factors influencing the moral choice of a person.
• The problem of conscience and responsibility of a person for his actions (What can a negligent, indifferent attitude of a person to his work lead to?).
• The problem of human perseverance in achieving goals.
• The problem of human nobility (What is the true greatness of man?).

6. Honor and human dignity.

• The problem of the loss of moral values ​​(What does the loss of moral values ​​lead to?).
• The problem of protecting honor and dignity.
• The problem of true and false life values.

7. Relationships of a person with other people.

• The problem of overcoming selfishness in relationships with other people.
• The problem of self-giving in a relationship with a person whom you consider your friend.
• The problem of true friendship.
• The problem of the manifestation of rudeness of people in relation to each other (How do manifestations of rudeness affect people? Is it possible to resist its manifestation?).
• The problem of attitude towards the elderly (What needs to be done to make an elderly person feel needed by his loved ones and be happy?).
• The problem of helping a desperate person gain faith in himself.

8. Human perception of the surrounding world.

• The problem of modern man's loss of the ability to enjoy life due to minor domestic troubles.
• The problem of gaining a joyful worldview (Why is it necessary to learn a culture of joy?).

9. Human loneliness.

• The problem of human loneliness (When and why does a person feel lonely? How can you help him get rid of this feeling?).
• The problem of the loneliness of a child in the world of adults (Why is it unacceptable for a child to feel lonely?).
• The problem of lonely old age.

10. Man and art.

• The problem of ambiguous perception of art by different people (Why do some people immerse themselves in the world created by the artist, while others remain deaf to beauty?).
• The problem of the appointment of genuine art (What kind of art does society need?).
• The problem of human perception of music.

11. Man's relation to the natural world.

• The problem of a soulless, consumerist, ruthless attitude of man to the natural world.
• The problem of human susceptibility or insensitivity to the beauty of nature.
• The problem of the influence of the beauty of nature on the mood and way of thinking of a person.
• The problem of the negative impact of the scientific and technological process on the relationship between man and nature (What is the negative impact of civilization on human life, his relationship with nature?).
• The problem of homeless animals (Is a person obliged to help homeless animals?).

12. Careful attitude of a person to the language.

• The problem of language ecology (What changes are currently taking place in the Russian language? How do modern Russians relate to the culture of their speech? Why is it necessary to take emergency measures to preserve and maintain the purity and correctness of Russian speech?).

13. Man and the power with which he is endowed.

• The problem of the influence of power on the character and actions of a person endowed with it (How should people behave towards others who have received special powers and privileges? Why does even minimal power make some people cruel and rude?).

14. Compassion for others.

• The problem of the presence or absence of a person's ability to empathize (How does the possession of the ability to empathy or the lack of such an ability affect a person's life? Is it necessary to cultivate a sense of compassion in a person?).
• The problem of effective compassion.
• The problem of sympathy and active assistance to a person.

15. Man's attitude to war.

• The problem of man's attitude to war (Why can't human consciousness recognize the very fact of war?).
• The problem of the state of mind of a person in a war (How do military events and related human tragedies affect the state of mind of people, their ability to sympathize?).
• The problem of human behavior in war (How did the war make a person behave? What helped people behave heroically during the war? What led the Soviet people to Victory?).
• The problem of heroism and resilience in the face of severe military trials (What makes ordinary people courageous and resilient during the war years? Why were people ready to sacrifice themselves during the war years? What can an ordinary person be able to do in extreme situations?).
• The problem of the manifestation of humanism in difficult military conditions.

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One can talk endlessly about the problems that can be raised in the texts of the Russian language exam. No, the exam is not that difficult. It's just that everything related to writing is always rather abstract and contradictory. And problems sometimes open the borders for fantasy. It is natural for a person to perceive the material by virtue of his education, in accordance with the level of intelligence and upbringing. Therefore, where one sees nothing, another can find a problem.

Experts who check the Russian language exam have materials in accordance with which points are given. The criteria for literacy are transparent: rules are rules, there are no controversial points here. Things are worse with the list of problems: the reviewers are provided with approximate range of problems. It usually presents the formulation of the main problems. Usually there are 3-4 of them. But experience shows that in most texts there are much more problems.

There is confusion. "What should I do if my problem is not on the list?" - this is the question that worries almost half of the graduates who have just left the exam. And after all, there is reason to worry, because everything that will happen next depends on the subjective opinion of an expert. Will the verifier see the problem you highlighted in the source text or not - that is the question. You can, but not "get" on the list of major problems. Therefore, it is better to rely on generally accepted formulations from the list of problems in writing the exam.

Types of problems in the composition of the exam format

With you can find in the relevant section of the site. The purpose of this page is to help you remember common phrases. To make it easier to work with problems, you need to break them into blocks. It will be great if you take the names of the blocks from this site and write in each problem from the list yourself.

Philosophical problems

They touch upon the development of nature, society and man. Often we are talking about the meaning of life, the interaction of man and culture, the historical path of society. This group of problems seems difficult to many due to the fact that the discussion of the above issues requires preparation and a certain type of thinking.

Social problems

Associated with the functioning of society. Often these are topical issues that are still relevant today: observance of human rights, social progress, strengthening the role of science in society. It is easy to write about the problems of this group, because each of us interacts with the social sphere of society.

Political issues

Relate to power within the state, political parties. They may be related to issues of war and peace, the choice of the path of reform or revolution. They change under the influence of time, adjusting to the requirements of society: for example, the problems of terrorism and nationalism are being actively discussed today.

moral issues

They are a product of the development of the spiritual sphere of society. Moral problems are associated with the assessment of situations and actions from the point of view of morality (good and evil). The true beauty of a person is discussed, there are talks about the true moral qualities of a person. This also includes the problems associated with the conflict of generations.

Environmental problems

The texts devoted to these problems speak of the beauty and richness of nature. The relationship and interdependence of man and nature, the emergence of environmental crises, the interaction of nature and human culture are discussed.