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Influenza: features and prevention The presentation was prepared by Noikova Elizaveta Checked by Danilkina O. N. 2015
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The name of the disease comes from the Russian word "wheezing" - the sounds made by the sick. During the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), this name spread to European languages, denoting the disease itself, and not a separate symptom. Then there was a secondary borrowing into Russian from the French "grippe". Influenza is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus. Included in the group of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). Periodically spreads in the form of epidemics and pandemics. Currently, more than 2000 variants of the influenza virus have been identified, differing in their antigenic spectrum.
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Spread Transmission of infection is carried out by airborne droplets. The virus from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract during breathing, sneezing, coughing, talking is released in huge concentrations and can be in suspension for several minutes. There is also a possibility of transmission of infection through household items, nipples, toys, underwear, dishes. Scattering of aerosol particles during sneezing All age categories of people are susceptible to the flu. The source of infection is a sick person with an obvious or erased form of the disease, who excretes the virus with coughing, sneezing, etc. The patient is contagious from the first hours of the disease until the 5-7th day of illness.
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Influenza symptoms In the case of a typical infection, the following flu symptoms are distinguished: - a sharp rise in body temperature (within several hours) to high numbers (38-40 ° C) (reaches its maximum on the first or second day of the disease) - chills - dizziness - pain in the muscles - weakness - headache
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Localization of influenza symptoms The "contagious" period reaches its maximum 1-2 days after the onset of the disease. After the 5-7th day of illness, the concentration of the virus in the exhaled air decreases sharply, and the patient becomes practically harmless to others (Pokrovsky V.I., "Epidemiology and infectious diseases").
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Influenza prevention Vaccination Wash your hands more often, especially before eating Wear a mask Do not touch your face with your hands Rinse your nose Cleaning the premises Limit to the maximum places where there are many people Healthy lifestyle: - sufficient and varied nutrition - emotional comfort - general strengthening of the body (sports, gymnastics , hardening)
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Influenza treatment Bed rest. Daily airing, if possible, wet cleaning of the room. Sufficient water regime. Give as much liquid as possible to drink, 2-3 liters a day is a must. We lower the temperature. We reduce the temperature above 38.5 ° C without fail, these are no longer useful, but harmful numbers for the body. Reduce with paracetamol or ibuprofen (ibufen). NEVER ASPIRIN!!! Aspirin increases the permeability of the vascular wall and can lead, when used, to flu complications, the same pulmonary edema. Especially dangerous is the use of aspirin to reduce fever in children - it can lead to serious complications, such as Raynaud's syndrome. Food. Light food (porridge, broth) Expectorants.
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Influenza epidemics occur annually, usually during the cold season, and affect up to 15% of the world's population. Influenza and SARS account for 95% of all infectious diseases in the world. Every year, up to 500 million people fall ill in the world, 2 million of whom die. In Russia, from 27.3 to 41.2 million cases of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections are registered annually (WHO data).
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Influenza (lat. Influentia): an acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus. Included in the group of acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). Periodically spreads in the form of epidemics and pandemics.
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The name of the disease comes from the Russian word "wheezing" - the sounds made by the sick. During the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), this name spread to European languages, denoting the disease itself, and not a separate symptom. Then there was a secondary borrowing into Russian from the French "grippe".
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The first mention of the flu was noted many centuries ago - as early as 412 BC. a description of a flu-like illness was made by Hippocrates. Flu-like outbreaks were also noted in 1173. The first documented flu pandemic that claimed many lives occurred in 1580. An epidemic is said to occur when a large number of people in one country fall ill with the flu at the same time.
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The duration of an influenza epidemic is usually 3-6 weeks. In the case of a pandemic, influenza affects a large number of people in different countries at the same time. In this case, the disease is caused by new serotypes of the influenza virus, to which the vast majority of the population is susceptible. Therefore, the virus spreads at a very high rate and causes a very severe disease.
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The infection is transmitted by airborne droplets. The virus from the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract during breathing, sneezing, coughing, talking is released in huge concentrations and can be in suspension for several minutes. There is also a possibility of transmission of infection through household items, nipples, toys, underwear, dishes.
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The "contagious" period reaches its maximum 1-2 days after the onset of the disease. After the 5-7th day of illness, the concentration of the virus in the exhaled air decreases sharply, and the patient becomes practically harmless to others (Pokrovsky V.I., "Epidemiology and infectious diseases").
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In 1918-1920. the infamous "Spanish flu" (H1N1 influenza virus) claimed more than 20 million lives, according to the most conservative estimates. In 1957 - 1958. More than 70,000 people have died from a pandemic called the Asian flu (H2N2 influenza virus) in the United States alone.
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In 1968-1969 The Hong Kong flu (H3N2 influenza virus) of moderate severity occurred, which killed more than 34,000 people over 65 years of age. The outbreak of the bird flu pandemic, according to various sources, claimed the lives of about 40 million people. Most of the deceased are healthy young people between the ages of 25 and 45, which is an extremely worrying sign.
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In April of this year, all the news agencies spread the news about the epidemic of a new deadly type of H1N1. The virus that infects pigs is similar to the human one, and its mutation can occur quite quickly. Moreover, pigs are often infected with different influenza viruses, after which they become a kind of "laboratory" for crossing dissimilar strains.
Completed by: Nazarchuk Yu.E. Group: LD2-S12B
parainfluenza
Etiology
There are 4 types of parainfluenza viruses (PG-1, PG-2, PG-3, PG-4). Parainfluenza viruses contain RNA, are unstable in the external environment, are completely inactivated when heated to 50°C for 30–60 minutes, under the influence of disinfectants.
Epidemiology
The source of infection is a person. The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets and occurs in the form of epidemic cases or sporadically. The greatest rise in incidence is observed in the autumn-winter and spring months.
Pathogenesis
The gates of infection are the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, especially the larynx, nose, where the virus reproduces, causing inflammatory changes. As a result of swelling and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx in children, false croup may occur.
The incubation period is 2–7 Clinic days. The disease often begins gradually, with moderate intoxication, subfebrile temperature, after which a catarrhal syndrome develops, which is the leading one in parainfluenza. Typical should be considered the occurrence of laryngitis, which is accompanied by a dry "barking" cough, hoarse voice, often aphonia. Cough persists for a long time, sometimes up to 12–21 days of illness. Quite often, parainfluenza laryngitis occurs without fever and begins with hoarseness or aphonia.
On examination, hyperemia of the pharynx, soft palate, posterior pharyngeal wall is found.
In children, parainfluenza is complicated by croup. In these cases, the disease begins acutely with high fever, rough cough, hoarseness. Stenosis of the larynx develops suddenly, often at night, and lasts for several hours. Other complications of parainfluenza are viral-bacterial pneumonia, as well as otitis and paranasal sinus infections.
Diagnostics
similar to that for all acute respiratory viral infections During epidemic outbreaks, the diagnosis of influenza is not difficult. Sporadic cases of the disease require laboratory confirmation, which is carried out in the same way as with influenza - by immunofluorescence, RSK.
Treatment
The PG-3 virus is affected by deutiforin (see "Influenza"). Pathogenetic and symptomatic agents are usually used. Apply antigrippin, thermal procedures, desensitizing agents. With stenosis of the larynx, it is necessary to provide first aid - distractions (hot foot baths), prescribe desensitizing and antispasmodic drugs. Shown hospitalization. Specific prophylaxis has not been developed.
FLU
an extremely contagious acute infectious disease characterized by symptoms of specific intoxication and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract.
Influenza was first described by E. Pasquier in 1403, since that time 18 pandemics have been registered, which mainly originated on the Asian continent.
So, the flu pandemic in 1918-1919. dubbed the “Spanish flu”, claimed more than 20 million lives, i.e. 2 times more than the first world war. In 1957, the Asian flu pandemic swept the world. The losses from the epidemic amounted to about 1 million lives.
Etiology
Influenza pathogens belong to the orthomyxovirus family, which includes 3 genera of influenza viruses: A, B, C. Influenza viruses contain RNA, an outer shell that contains 2 antigens - hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which can change their properties, especially in type A virus. Change in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase causes the emergence of new subtypes of the virus, which usually cause more severe and more widespread diseases.
According to the International Nomenclature, the designation of virus strains includes the following information: genus, place of isolation, isolate number, year of isolation, type of hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). For example, A/Singapore/l/57/H2N2 refers to a virus of the genus A, isolated in 1957 in Singapore, having a variety of H2N2 antigens.
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The presentation on the topic "Influenza prevention and treatment" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Biology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 8 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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The latter is more relevant to certain groups of people: children (especially young children); the elderly (over 60 years old); patients with chronic severe diseases of the heart (heart defects, coronary heart disease, severe arterial hypertension) and lungs (bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema). Therefore, it is these categories of people who should first of all use influenza prophylaxis and be especially carefully observed by doctors in case of influenza.
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Influenza symptoms: the main symptom is a high temperature (up to 41.5 degrees), which lasts for several days (up to 5); against the background of temperature, a headache is noted (mainly in the anterior part - forehead, eyes, temples), aches throughout the body, primarily in the legs; a little later, a dry cough (a sign of tracheitis) joins. Runny nose, sore throat are not typical. Also, with the flu, there is no diarrhea, if it does appear, then this is either another infection (for example, enterovirus), or a side effect of drugs. Nausea or vomiting can be, especially in young children, they are associated with intoxication.
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The best way to fight the flu is to prevent it. It includes: flu shots (every year flu vaccines are produced based on the expected strain of the virus) - a very high level of reliability of prevention; isolation of patients from those who are not sick, the use of personal protective equipment (gauze face masks) are effective, but ideally (in fact, it is difficult to strictly observe this regimen). The use of prophylactic drugs does not give a reliable guarantee against the disease.
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Influenza treatment includes antiviral drugs (mentioned above), symptomatic treatment (painkillers, antipyretics), drinking plenty of fluids (because at elevated temperatures a lot of fluid is lost through breathing and sweating) and regimen. Bed rest is very important to observe during the entire period of elevated temperature, since it is the failure to comply with this condition that often turns out to be fraught with complications.
