What types of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA are the most insidious. Human papillomavirus (HPV) in women What is HPV

24.08.2017

Each person in his life is faced with many diseases, in particular infectious diseases. And one such common disease is the human papillomavirus (HPV).

This disease can affect a person at any age, regardless of gender and race.

There are many types of HPV, some of which do not pose a particular danger to the body, while others can lead to the formation of a cancerous condition.

Each papillomavirus group, of which there are about 70, has its own virus DNA, so each group is assigned a specific individual number.

And under each number is a certain type of virus, which has its own characteristics and characteristics.

And among all this variety of infection types, special attention should be paid to HPV type 16 DNA, since this is one of the most terrible genotypes of the virus.

What is HPV, how dangerous is HPV 16, why does it appear, how to cure the disease and what to do if you have been diagnosed with it? You will learn more about this later.

HPV type 16 can affect people of any age

Features of HPV 16

Human papillomavirus type 16 is very common today and occurs most often in female representatives of the age category of 18-30 years.

The infection process is asymptomatic, which makes it difficult to diagnose the disease in the early stages.

Often papillomavirus type 16 is found in a woman during a routine gynecological examination, taking tests for the presence of sexually transmitted diseases.

Most strains of human papillomavirus infection have a low or moderate degree of oncogenicity.

To date, two dangerous strains of the virus can be distinguished - HPV types 16 and 18. Their danger lies in the increased degree of oncogenicity.

HPV 16 strain is very dangerous for the human body

Women are more susceptible than men to the human papillomavirus, especially strain 16, which in most cases affects the cervix, resulting in a cancerous condition.

Therefore, if HPV type 16 is detected in women, treatment should be started immediately.

But even if you have been diagnosed with this ailment, there is no need to panic, because worries and stresses will only accelerate the development of the virus.

Papillomavirus type 16 is not a sentence, timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment can completely save the situation.

Ways to get HPV 16

You can get HPV type 16 only from another infected person or sexual partner, animals are not carriers of the infection.

In total, 4 ways of transmission of infection from one person to another are known:

• Sexually. Sexual contact is the main mode of transmission of papillomavirus. Therefore, the main category of HPV-infected people are sexually active people who often change sexual partners. Fans of non-traditional types of sex, such as oral or anal contact, may now think that they are safe, but they are not. The HPV 16 virus is transmitted during any sexual intercourse, regardless of its type. And even the usual mutual caresses and kisses put your health and the health of your partner at risk.
• Contact-household method. The virus can be transmitted not only during sexual intercourse, but also when the blood, sweat and saliva of an infected person gets on the damaged skin of a healthy person. It is small wounds, scratches and cuts that allow the infection to penetrate inside. But, it is impossible to get HPV 16 through kitchen utensils.
• Transmission of infection from mother to child during childbirth. If a woman has condylomas on the uterus, then during childbirth, when the baby passes through the infected birth canal, he may also become infected with HPV type 16, which in the child will manifest itself in the form of neoplasms in the oral cavity, respiratory tract or genitals. Fortunately, it is very easy to detect the disease in the first stage in a newborn, since immunity has not yet been fully developed. And early detection will allow faster treatment.
• Self-infection. The probability of contracting papillomavirus independently exists, albeit small. This can happen during careless shaving or hair removal.

It is easy to get infected with the human papillomavirus, although there are certain categories of people who are more than likely to acquire the 16 strain of HPV.

• began to have sex at an early age;
• often change sexual partners;
• prefer non-traditional types of sex;
• have a sexually transmitted disease;
• have some chronic diseases;
• are HIV-infected;
• abuse alcohol and cigarettes, use drugs;
• did artificial termination of pregnancy;
• suffer from diabetes;
• are in stressful situations.

By knowing how HPV is transmitted, you can try to reduce the risk of infection to a minimum. The most susceptible to the effects of papillomavirus type 16 are women under the age of 25-30 years.

The infection enters the body through microcracks in the skin that any person has, so it is quite difficult to protect yourself from infection, but it is possible if you regularly undergo gynecological examinations and lead the right lifestyle and sex life with one proven partner.

Symptoms of HPV infection 16

Most of the world's population is infected with the human papillomavirus, but in each person the virus manifests itself in different ways, depending on the quality of the immune system.

If the immune system is strong enough, then the infection may not appear, but at the moment of its weakening, the virus begins to activate.

External signs may not appear in every sick person, for example, symptoms of HPV type 16 are observed in only 5% of women.

From the moment of infection to the appearance of the first signs usually takes at least 3 months. The first clear sign of the presence of human papillomavirus in the body is the appearance of papillomas on the skin or mucous membranes.

When infected with HPV type 16, papillomas will have a color similar to skin tone.

Type 16 papillomas can be single, or they can grow, occupying large areas of the skin. And if you do not respond in any way to the appearance of these neoplasms, then the situation will only worsen.

The first symptom of an infection is itching and burning in the groin area.

In addition to the formation of small growths on the skin, the following symptoms may occur:

• itching and burning in the genital area;
• the occurrence of pain during urination;
• bleeding from the vagina during or after sexual intercourse.

Often, papillomas that appear as a result of exposure to the body of HPV genotype 16 are localized on the external and internal genital organs in women.

Men, although they can become infected with this strain of the virus, do not pose a serious threat to the male body, unlike women in whom the virus can cause cervical cancer, even if there are no symptoms.

HPV 16 in men also develops without symptoms, but rarely leads to cancer.

What to do if you are diagnosed with HPV type 16?

The human papillomavirus type 16 often infects the female body, as a result of which every second infected person develops cervical cancer.

And if at the next examination in gynecology such an ailment as HPV type 16 is found, then the question immediately arises: how to live with this and how to get rid of the problem? Do not panic.

Papillomavirus, even such a terrible variety as type 16, is not a sentence. Your life has changed somewhat since your diagnosis, but not radically.

The attending physician will prescribe a course of treatment, thanks to which you can quickly get rid of the external manifestations of diseases.

And besides this, you still have to constantly strengthen the immune system so that it is able to fight the virus.

Annual visits to the doctor and examinations for the presence of oncology will become part of the usual way of life. And even if at the next examination you have type 16 papilloma, then this will be the initial stage of the disease.

Thanks to the timely diagnosis of the tumor, the probability of a speedy recovery will be 100%.

Diagnosis of HPV type 16

Diagnosis of HPV is one of the main stages, since the sooner the disease is detected, the sooner treatment can begin.

Type 16 papillomavirus usually appears and develops asymptomatically, and the first symptoms may appear only in the later stages, when treatment may no longer help.

Papillomas, of course, remain the main symptom of HPV, but they do not pay attention to them, mistaking them for a pimple or a mole, hoping that they will pass by themselves.

And neoplasms are localized on the internal genital organs, which makes diagnosis more difficult. The only way to diagnose the disease in time is to periodically undergo an examination in gynecology or urology.

If you suspect HPV, you should immediately consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment

After contacting a doctor, HPV type 16 can be detected in women by several methods:

• gynecological examination;
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR analysis). HPV 16 can be easily determined using this popular method for diagnosing the most dangerous types of papillomaviruses. But the method is clearly not distinguished by high accuracy, so the result may be incorrect;
• a colposcopy is performed, with the help of which you can more carefully see the walls of the uterus and other internal genital organs. Allows you to find out the exact location of the infection. HPV type 16 in men is detected by ureteroscopy;
• a vaginal smear is taken, which is sent for histological and cytological examination;
• biopsy. A small piece of infected tissue is given for research for a detailed acquaintance with the nature of the neoplasm and to identify the degree of its oncogenicity and stage of development.

Ways to treat HPV 16

After making a diagnosis, many people ask themselves: is it possible to cure HPV type 16? It is impossible to completely get rid of HPV of any type, but you can block its action.

To do this, the doctor prescribes a course of treatment, which is selected, taking into account the course of the disease and the individual characteristics of the patient.

If you have been diagnosed with HPV 16, treatment must be comprehensive and consist of:

• getting rid of papillomas. Getting rid of a benign formation, which at any moment can turn into oncology, is the first and mandatory measure that is included in the treatment of type 16 papilloma. You can remove the neoplasm in several ways:

1. A liquid nitrogen. The build-up is removed by exposure to low temperature, as a result of which it freezes and falls off, leaving no scars behind.
2. Radio wave removal. A special radio wave knife is used. True, such an operation requires preliminary local anesthesia, but the result is very effective.
3. Electric shock treatment. This procedure is slightly painful, so the patient will need pain relief.
4. laser removal. This is a gentle and effective method of removing papillomas. Allows you to get rid of growths even in the most inaccessible places and is suitable for pregnant women. After removal, the laser beam cauterizes the wound, which prevents infection from entering it. And about how to treat the wound that forms after removal, the doctor should tell you after the operation.
5. Surgical intervention. This method of getting rid of neoplasms is used only in the most extreme cases, when the affected tissues began to transform into cancer. There may be bleeding after the operation.
6. Treatment with chemicals. These drugs act on infected tissues, contributing to their death, which does not bring a 100% result, and therefore is not popular.

• prescription of antiviral agents and immunomodulators. Drugs with anti-inflammatory properties are necessary to prevent the recurrence of papillomas, which occurs frequently. And immunostimulating agents that strengthen the immune system will help the body cope with the infection, perhaps even overcome it.

After identifying HPV type 16 in the body, the sexual partner of this patient should also undergo treatment.

And in order to prevent infection with papillomavirus at all, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, have one permanent sexual partner, use contraceptives and constantly strengthen the immune system, only it is able to cope with the human papillomavirus genotype 16.

Papillomavirus - this pathogen is present in the body of almost 90% of the inhabitants of our planet. The consequences of the penetration of this pathogen into the human body are manifested in the form of unusual skin rashes - warts, papillomas and condylomas. Such an infection is distinguished by a large variety of its representatives, which today number about 600 varieties.

Some strains can cause the development of cancer in men and women. The approach to the treatment of this disease should be purely individual and take into account the type of virus determined in the process of diagnosing such a disease.

What is HPV

The causative agents of papillomatosis are viral particles containing DNA chromosomes in their structure. These microorganisms are only 55 nm in size. The symptomatic manifestations of such an infection vary depending on the type of papillomavirus. Representatives of this pathology are not sown on nutrient media during bacteriological analysis. It is possible to more successfully determine the type of pathogen based on the results of the molecular diagnostic method - PCR. Various strains of human papillomavirus are classified based on their molecular structure.

The penetration of this infection into the body is carried out through the damaged epidermis of the skin or mucous membranes. First, papillomavirus reaches the deep layers of the skin, where it can be in a latent (sleeping) state for a very long time. The gradual maturation and rejection of epithelial cells lifts the viral particles out. When they get to the surface, the increased reproduction of harmful microorganisms begins.

If the patient has a strong enough immune system, it easily copes with the infection, completely destroying it. This happens in most infected people. But in those patients who have a weakened immune system, the virus begins to progress. The causative agent quickly affects healthy tissues located in the neighborhood. As a result, HPV DNA is integrated into the chromosomes of normal cells, causing their uncontrolled, pathological growth. Outwardly, the symptoms of this disease manifest themselves in the form of various outgrowths of the mucous membrane and skin - genital warts, or warts.

It is known that different types have their own localization specifics. Some types of infection can only cause damage to the superficial epidermis of the skin, while others multiply only in the thickness of the mucous membranes. Individual strains of the human papillomavirus affect only specific areas of the body.

Attention! For the health of the patient, information about what type of papillomatosis pathogen is found in them is very important. Different types of this pathology have very specific clinical manifestations. Determining the strain of infection helps the doctor to find out the further course of the disease, as well as to calculate the likelihood of the transformation of pathological outgrowths into a malignant form.

Classification of causative agents of papillomatosis

All human papillomaviruses in medicine are systematized - they are distinguished by types and groups. Since there are so many types of this infection, they are simply numbered from 1, 2, 3 and so on. Pathogenic microorganisms are also classified into groups, based on the risk of degeneration of a benign formation into cancer. Any kind of this DNA virus can be found in a person, regardless of his age or gender.

First group

It includes the safest strains of the pathogen. If a patient is diagnosed with one of these types of HPV, you don’t have to worry about the transformation of papillomas into an oncological disease. The following papillomaviruses have been added to this category:

• 1st, 2nd, 4th - the symptoms of such pathologies appear in the form of plantar warts (they look more like corns in appearance);
• 3rd, 10th, 28th, 49th - this type of pathogen provokes the appearance of yellow warts, with a flat surface on any part of the patient's skin;
• 5th, 8th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 36th, 37th, 46th, 47th and 50th d - viruses that cause the formation of various growths mainly in the chest, arms and neck are inherited;
• HPV 26, as well as the 27th, 29th and 57th types of infection resemble common warts in shape, they are grayish and flat, appearing mainly on the outer surface of the hands;
• 7th type - causes the appearance of the so-called "meat" warts, which in appearance resemble a gaping wound with edges turned outward.

Second group

This is followed by group number 2, which includes HPV with a low probability of oncogenic risk. Here are relatively safe strains of papillomaviruses. They can provoke the development of malignant neoplasms, but only under certain conditions. The group includes the following types of pathogen:

• 6th, 11th - are the most common, contribute to the appearance of papillomas in the armpits and under the breasts;
• 13th, 32nd - provoke the development of epithelial hyperplasia of the oral cavity;
• 42nd, 53rd, 44th - clinically manifested in the form of seals that form on the cervix in women, often cause erosion;
• HPV 53rd, 54th, 55th - resemble a mushroom in shape, have a small stem and hat, often appear in skin folds in people with a lot of weight. HPV types 53, 54, and 55 can cause severe bleeding if damaged.

Read also related

Which means for removing papillomas to choose in a pharmacy

Third group

This category includes human papillomaviruses with an average level of carcinogenic risk. In such a situation, the transformation of a benign wart into a cancerous tumor can be caused by a decrease in the reactivity of the immune system or severe stressful situations. These are the following strains of infection:

• 31st - this HPV type is most often transmitted during sexual intercourse with a carrier. As a result of infection, the patient develops dense growths on the mucous membranes of the urethral canal and internal reproductive organs;
• 33rd, 35th, 52nd - provokes the formation of scaly warty outgrowths, they are dark in color and are localized on the skin of the hands;
• 58th - symptomatically manifests itself in the form of nodular neoplasms that affect mainly the epidermis of the genital and inguinal zones.

Fourth group

It includes the most dangerous types of HPV. Almost all strains of infection from this group, after a certain period of time, provoke a malignant degeneration of the formation. Here are such types of papillomatosis as:

• 16th, 18th are viruses of high oncogenic risk. Under the influence of these microorganisms, normal mucosal cells are transformed into genital warts. They grow at a very high speed, damaging the DNA structure of healthy tissue and causing its uncontrolled, chaotic division. This type HPV for women extremely dangerous, as in the future it can provoke dysplasia and oncology of the cervix.
• 31st, 33rd - also quite dangerous strains of papillomavirus. They are the cause of neoplasia of the uterine neck in women. In men, this type of infection causes such a dangerous disease as bowenoid papulosis. These microorganisms often cause mucosal ulcers, an intraepithelial form of cancer.
• 51st - this human papillomavirus has a great propensity for malignant degeneration. This type of HPV manifests itself in the form of tuberculate or flat condylomas, it is considered a precancer. Judging by the results of a study by scientists, about 70-82% of women suffering from symptoms of genital cancer are infected with this pathogen. In men, the 51st papillomavirus causes malignant pathologies of the mucous membrane of the penis and anal area.
• HPV 82, HPV type 83, 52nd and 59th - such representatives of papillomatosis are detrimental to the health of all people. They provoke the development of pointed outgrowths of the mucosa in the vaginal cavity and on the uterine neck. That is why the beautiful half of the population suffers from the signs of pathology caused by this pathogen. HPV types 83, 82, 52 and 59 are especially dangerous because they can cause cervical cancer in the future.

Attention! You should not panic prematurely if, as a result of the examination, one of the viruses of high oncogenic risk has been identified in you. According to world statistics, only 18-20% of patients infected with dangerous strains of papillomatosis face oncology. In most cases, the disease is detected even at the stage of dysplasia, and in this case, the disease is perfectly treatable.

How infection occurs

HPV infection is transmitted mainly through sexual contact, although in medical practice there are also cases of infection by contact-household means - as a result of the use of common hygiene products. The possibility of infection with papillomavirus when visiting the toilet, taking a bath, as well as conducting water procedures in institutions with a mass gathering of people, such as a sauna, pool or bath, is not excluded.

The direct transmission of the virus occurs during sexual contact, when harmful microorganisms penetrate the damaged tissues of the mucous membranes. At first, an infected person has absolutely no symptoms. Even with a gynecological examination in women, no changes in the mucosa are visually detected. Only in the process of microscopic analysis, transformed cells are visible on the reproductive organs, which are the main source of pathology.

Infection with various types of HPV in men and women who are sexually active occurs at some time in their lives. The possibility of re-infection with the virus is also not ruled out. The likelihood of infection is highest at a time when young people are just beginning to be sexually active. Although the infection is transmitted through sexual contact, penetration itself is not necessary for infection with the pathogen. Any interaction with the affected skin and mucous membrane of the carrier is as dangerous as sex with him.

Read also related

Application of the Lapis Pencil and its analogues from papillomas and warts

Most papillomaviruses are not dangerous to humans. In many cases, this infection is cured by itself, after only a couple of months after infection - this means that the patient's immunity is in excellent condition. About 85-90% of HPV lingers in the human body for up to 2 years, and only 10% of these microbes remain in the epidermis and can provoke the formation of malignant tumors.

The most common disease that is closely associated with various types of HPV is cervical cancer. In almost all situations, this pathogen causes dysplasia (precancerous condition) in women. Today, this infection harms not only the fair sex, because in men it causes malignant degeneration of the mucous membrane of the anus and penis. Even relatively safe strains of papillomatosis (6th, 11th) contribute to the formation of genital warts in the respiratory tract. Although such conditions complicate the life of the patient, they rarely end in death. Pointed outgrowths - warts, grow quickly enough and are a direct carrier of infection.

Important! Clinical manifestations of such a disease in men are extremely rare. The representative of the stronger sex infected with papillomavirus mainly acts as a carrier of the virus. The patient himself can also become infected, but in order to penetrate the male body, the pathogen needs certain conditions and time.

Diagnostic measures and treatment of papillomatosis

The most informative method for detecting papillomavirus is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR for short). This HPV test popular in that it allows for typing of the virus - that is, to determine the strain of the pathogen. Knowing what type of papillomavirus is present in the patient's body, the specialist can already judge the likelihood of the transformation of pathological neoplasms into cancer. Of great importance in the diagnosis of such a disease are special screening tests that allow you to detect all types of HPV present in the patient's body.

To identify a harmful pathogen, men and women also undergo a cytological analysis and a histological examination of the affected tissues. In some cases, signs of pathology are visible to the naked eye - if there is an excessive amount of papillomas and warts on the human skin. In order to determine the infection of a high oncogenic type in women, colposcopy (microscopic examination of the vaginal cavity) is used.

Treatment

How to treat HPV, is it possible? It is as difficult to get rid of this disease as it is to detect it in a timely manner, because the process of reproduction and development of papillomaviruses proceeds in a latent form. If the body's immune defenses could not resist the virus, then in most situations it remains infected forever, even despite treatment. That is why, in people with an excellent state of immunity, such a pathology occurs extremely rarely.

Often, as a result of examining patients infected with papillomavirus, the doctor discovers many concomitant diseases. It can be infectious and inflammatory, chronic or venereal diseases. Therefore, the approach to the treatment of such an ailment is always complex. Therapeutic tactics should be aimed not only at eliminating HPV, but also at eliminating the symptoms of other pathologies. The state of the body's defenses is of great importance for the course of this disease, therefore, first of all, it is necessary to strengthen the immune system.

Therapeutic measures for papillomatosis include the use of the following methods and drugs:

• Removal of pathological neoplasms using laser therapy, electrical coagulation, cryodestruction, surgical excision of papilloma tissues.
• The use of chemical methods of cauterization of warts (Trichloroacetic acid 50 or 90%, Solcoderm, Salicylic acid, Contaridin).
• Taking antiviral drugs (Aldara, Panavir).
• The use of immunostimulants (Allokin-alpha, Genferon, Viferon, Immunomax, Isoprinosine).
• The use of cytostatic agents (Prospidin, Podophyllin solution, Bleomycin, 5-fluorouracil, Podophyllotoxin).
• Application of methods of physiotherapy.

After completion of the therapeutic course, preventive measures must be observed so as not to become infected with HPV again. To this end, patients are advised to lead a proper sex life, it is desirable to have a permanent and trusted partner. Sexual contact with strangers should be limited to a minimum, otherwise be sure to use condoms. You should know that even a barrier contraceptive will not protect you 100% from this virus.

As a result of reading this text, you became aware of the variety of types of papillomavirus and its danger. That is why experts advise not to postpone visiting a medical institution for a long time. A timely appeal to the attending doctor will help to detect the HPV causative agent and get rid of it as soon as possible. Immunoprophylaxis of the disease will not be superfluous. Increasing the body's natural defenses will significantly reduce the likelihood of re-infection with this virus.

Higher medical education, venereologist, candidate of medical sciences.

Dear visitors of the portal!
The section "medical consultations" suspends its work.

In the archive of medical consultations for 13 years, there are a large number of prepared materials that you can use. best regards, editorial

Julia asks:

I have a papilloma of the bladder 6mm, without signs of malignancy, cystitis, erythrocytes are increased in the urine test, I am 25 years old, the doctor recommends surgical removal, is it worth it, what are the likely consequences of this or that choice?

Responsible Sudarikov Igor Vitalievich:

Dear Julia! In your situation it is incorrect to consult in absentia. The issue of surgical treatment is resolved with cystoscopy and additional examination methods. I can only say that in the vast majority of cases, papilloma removal is required.

Oksana asks:

Hello! I was diagnosed with HPV type 6,11,16, no other diseases were found. There are white highlights. The doctor prescribed treatment: isoprinosine for 10 days, cycloferon injections, and I also removed warts with cold, then isoprinosine again. I've been on treatment for 2 months, the discharge has not passed. Nowhere can I find an exhaustive answer ... Is it possible to discharge with HPV? And if so, how can it be cured? Is it necessary to treat a partner if he does not have any manifestations of this virus, but type 6 and 11 are also found in the analyzes, 16 is not found. Could this be? (sex life was only with each other)

Responsible Serpeninova Irina Viktorovna:

Discharges may be associated with a bacterial or fungal infection, take smears for flora, cytology, PCR for STDs. I would like to remind you that there are no 100% laboratory methods of research, it is possible that a certain type of virus has simply not been isolated from a partner. If a sexual partner does not manifestations of human papillomavirus infection, treatment is not required, because. treatment of this infection involves stimulation of the immune system to eliminate the manifestations of papillomavirus infection, but does not cure papillomavirus.

Love asks:

Good afternoon! I am 37 years old, 7 years ago I found 2 condylomas on the labia, similar to tsv. cabbage. I passed the PCR analysis for HPV, they found low oncogenicity, I don’t remember the numbers. Now the analysis on HPV did not retake. The result of a biopsy of the cervix came, showed grade 1 dysplasia. The gynecologist prescribed cauterization with electric current. Before cauterization, she treated a smear, there were high leukocytes. Now they cauterized dysplasia, prescribed a course of isoprinosine, geneferon suppositories. I want to ask you, can low-oncogenic types of HPV cause dysplasia? and can they go into high oncogenic numbers? How many days after cauterization can I again take PCR for HPV? And how effective is isoprinosine in treating HPV? Thank you!

Responsible Sitenok Alena Ivanovna:

Good afternoon Love. Yes, HPV of any type can cause Cervical Dysplasia. Determination of the virus should be carried out BEFORE the procedure! HPV does not circulate in the blood, it is only found at the site of the lesion (the cervix in this case), therefore, the treatment consists in excision (excision) of the affected area, and not in antiviral therapy. It is impossible to treat a smear, as well as "high leukocytes", because a person and his illness need to be treated, and analysis is not a disease. Wish you luck!

Dima asks:

Good afternoon. I found it in myself, on the basis of a papilloma member (before that there was a strong weakening of the immune system). I went to the doctor, he removed them with a laser. I did a PCR study - the result is negative for 16,18,31,33,35,35H,58,52,67,18,45,39,59,6,11. At a distant place, I smeared with an antiviral drug. Now the doctor advises me to undergo a course of treatment intravenously. Do you think it should be done? As I read here, there is currently no cure for HPV...

Responsible Dyachenko Pavel Anatolievich:

Good afternoon! You are absolutely right, the virus is not cured, but only goes into a latent (sleeping) state. Therefore, if there are no clinical manifestations at the moment, there is no need to treat, especially since there will be no result from this treatment. Be healthy!

Olga asks:

Hello! I have a question. On examination, a gynecologist found small condylomas in the vagina, although I was tested for STDs twice and no infections were detected (including I was tested for HPV of high oncogenic risk). Only thrush was found. The doctor said that the warts found in me are not dangerous. And she prescribed antiviral drugs and drugs to raise immunity. How dangerous are these warts, do they need to be removed, can they interfere with the treatment of thrush? I've been struggling with it for the third month, and I can't get it to the end. And how can warts affect the bearing of the fetus? Thanks in advance.

Responsible Chernenko Evgenia Yurievna:

Dear Olga! In the treatment of candidiasis (thrush), it is extremely important to identify the cause of the disease, determine the type of pathogen and its sensitivity to antifungal drugs, conduct anti-relapse treatment and be sure to restore the normal microflora in the vagina. Warts have nothing to do with this. They also do not affect the bearing of the fetus, but during pregnancy their growth may increase. The expediency of their removal should be discussed with the doctor at an internal examination.

Alina asks:

Good afternoon!

I have HPV type 16. I am nulliparous. 1.5 years ago, multiple condylomas appeared in the vagina. From HPV, the genecologist does not prescribe anything, does not offer to remove condylomas.
A month ago, multiple condylomas appeared in the mouth.
I am very worried about all this and feel stress, especially considering the separation from my former partner.
The very thought of telling a potential, but still unfamiliar man about the inevitable rewarding of his incurable venereal disease is horrifying.
There is no immunologist in the city. In addition, I have hyperthyroidism of the thyroid gland.
Please tell me what should be done in my case and the best way to remove genital warts in the vagina and mouth?
And what other words can explain all this to a man and at the same time not scare him much? Or still not say anything? After all, as I understand it, you can get infected with a kiss.
Are men vaccinated against HPV type 16?

Responsible Radko Vitaly Yurievich:

Alina, you must first contact an endocrinologist so that he can prescribe you treatment for the thyroid gland. After that, do a colposcopy and a Pap test. Then undergo a course of immunomodulatory therapy with destruction of genital warts by radio wave or laser method.
You can kiss calmly, and live a sexual life too, if a man has good immunity. In any case, HPV does not pose such a danger to him as to a woman.
I would also recommend that you get vaccinated with Gardasil.

Elena asks:

Hello. I am 20 years old, recently I accidentally saw several flesh-colored warts, immediately ran to the gynecologist, got tested for HPV 16.18, syphilis and orvi, HPV 16 came out positive and the doctor also said that I had cervical erosion, I was prescribed a bunch of medicines and plus everything after the course of therapy to get vaccinated, all this, according to my calculations, came out to about 5000 UAH, I was very worried naturally after reading about this virus on the Internet and I am very worried about the consequences of this disease for me and my partner, my partner does not no visible changes ... should he undergo a full examination? Should I get full treatment?

Responsible Purpura Roksolana Yosipovna:

It makes no sense for a partner to undergo an examination, because. HPV only affects the cervix. In the presence of erosion, the gynecologist should perform a colposcopy, take a smear for cytology and, based on the results of the examination, tell about further actions. In our country, antiviral treatment is usually prescribed in such cases, although in the West radical methods of treatment (cryolysis, laser therapy, etc.) are immediately applied.
To be vaccinated or not is, in principle, your choice, the gynecologist can only recommend.

Marina asks:

Is it possible to have sex with HPV?

Answers:

Hello Marina! Your question belongs to the category of frequently asked questions on the topic "Papillomavirus (HPV)". You can read the answer by clicking on the link Papillomavirus (HPV) Papillomavirus infection (PVI). Take care of your health!

Ruslan asks:

Hello, I am 22 years old, I have been tested for Papillomavirus 18 in the amount of 2.97 lg 10 * 5
Prompt treatment.

Responsible Medical consultant of the portal "site":

Hello Ruslan! Your question belongs to the category of frequently asked questions on the topic "Papillomavirus (HPV)". You can read the answer by clicking on the link Papillomavirus (HPV). In addition, useful information is contained in the article Papillomavirus infection (PVI). Take care of your health!

Anastasia asks:

Hello. Please tell me what it is. Does my husband need treatment? Papillomas appeared during pregnancy. Can a child get infected? Papillomavirus 16,18,31 59

Responsible Kotsabin Natalya Vladimirovna:

Hello Anastasia! Theoretically, HPV can only affect the cervix. It is rational for you to take a smear for cytology and undergo a colposcopy. Husband and child do not need treatment. According to statistics, the majority of the world's population are carriers of papilomovirus. During pregnancy, there is a physiological drop in immunity, which is why papillomas appeared. With the normal functioning of the immune system, the elimination of the virus from the body can take up to 2 years.

Alenp asks:

Hello. I got tested a year ago. HPV 45 was found. She was treated with antibiotics, suppositories and injections. The gynecologist said to take a second analysis in 8 months. I passed and now instead of 45 they found HPV 58. Could this be?

Responsible Bosyak Yulia Vasilievna:

Hello Alena! If you were diagnosed with HPV 45, but the condition of the cervix was satisfactory, then no treatment was required at all. HPV has the ability to eliminate (self-destruct). According to statistics, 85% of the world's population are carriers of HPV of different strains at the same time. All you need today is an assessment of the condition of the cervix - you should undergo a colposcopy and take a smear for cytology. Based on the results of these examinations, it will be possible to talk about further treatment.

Xenia asks:

Today I got my HPV result. It turned out to be the following: IDP group (16.31.33.35.52.58) result 6.41

To date, about 80 types of HPV DNA have been studied in detail., the total number of which reaches hundreds. Many types do not pose a serious danger, but some varieties of papillomavirus can provoke the development of oncological pathologies on the organs of the female genitourinary system.

There are about thirty such highly oncogenic types that every woman is at risk of encountering.

Methods of determination

It is possible to establish what type of papillomavirus is present in a woman's body only through a complete diagnosis, but the varieties of the virus may differ in external manifestations. The types of highly oncogenic nature include the following types of HPV: 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 50, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 70, 73, 82, 83.

At the same time, the highest danger is attributed to HPV types 16 and 18, which most often become the causes of cervical cancer.

Attention! All highly oncogenic types are transmitted through sexual contact. Papillomatous formations can be found on the labia minora, in their inner part (vagina and cervix), as well as in the anus, where genital warts are most often localized.

Highly oncogenic types of HPV differ in external manifestations, which are represented by the development of papillomas and genital warts on the genitals, which can subsequently provoke serious lesions of the vulva, vagina, and cervix.

In other words, the listed varieties of the pathogen are manifested, first of all, by genital warts, upon detection of which, specialists must prescribe a comprehensive examination and treatment if necessary.

According to medical studies, no more than 5% of patients face severe changes in the cervix, represented by dysplasia of the second and third degrees, after 2-3 years from the moment of infection.

Such low rates are explained by the well-coordinated work of the immune system in most cases, which suppresses the activity of the pathogen. As for cervical cancer, this pathology is diagnosed only in 20% of women who have been diagnosed with grade 3 dysplasia.

What to do?

If HPV of a highly oncogenic nature is detected in the body, it is impossible to treat the disease on its own, because rash actions can provoke the development of a precancerous condition. Treatment of external manifestations is aimed at removing them, taking antiviral drugs and immunomodulating agents.

Removal of papillomas, warts and condylomas on the genitals is performed by surgical methods and using special pharmaceutical products, among which the most effective are: Panavir, Viferon, Condyloma, Aldara.

Important! The destruction of growths must be supplemented with Isoprinosine or other analogues with antiviral and immunomodulatory effects.

Outpatient removal of papillomas and condylomas in the genital area is performed by:

It should be noted that in most cases, when highly oncogenic type papillomas are detected, specialists prefer the removal of formations by laser and radio wave method (Surgitron apparatus), because only this technique makes it possible to exclude recurrence and cancerous transformation.

The use of folk remedies in the destruction of such formations is not recommended.

Varieties of human papillomavirus with average rates of rebirth

Reference! The following types of HPV differ in the average rates of cancerous degeneration: 26, 30, 35, 51, 52, 56, 58.65.

Despite the lower danger of these varieties of papillomavirus, it is still not recommended to leave its manifestations without due attention.

Their signs

According to external manifestations, the listed types of HPV with an average oncogenic risk can be divided into the following categories:

1. HPV 26- common warts;
2. HPV 30- recurrent papillomatosis of the respiratory organs;
3. HPV 35, 51, 52, 56 can provoke carcinoma localized on the cervix, vulva or vagina, as well as squamous intraepithelial lesions.

Often, the result of infection with HPV types with an average oncogenic risk is the development of several other complications not related to oncology. So, against the background of the presence of HPV 51 in the body, the development of bowenoid papulosis may begin, which looks like small warts in the genital area.

Features of treatment

As in the case of any papillomatous growths, the treatment of HPV manifestations with an average oncogenic risk involves a combination of destruction of papillomas and warts with strengthening the immune system and providing an antiviral effect from the inside.

In order to destroy papillomatous growths, you should use Supercleaner, Verrukacid, Viferon, Panavir, Solcoderm, Ferezol and other pharmacy analogues.

At home, it will be possible to get rid of papillomas with the help of freshly squeezed celandine juice, which can be used as an independent medicine or in combination with other plant components represented by Kalanchoe, dandelion, horsetail, lemon balm, plantain.

In order to avoid possible complications of self-treatment, it is better to entrust the removal of papillomas to specialists., which under stationary conditions affect the growths:

• liquid nitrogen, which involves freezing papillomas (cryolysis);
• conventional scalpel (surgical excision);
• a laser that provides painless removal and prevents the reappearance of formations;
• radio waves.

Local treatment must be supplemented with antiviral drugs (Isoprinosin, Gosprinosin, Allokin Alpha), as well as pharmaceutical drugs with an immunostimulating effect, among which it is recommended to give preference to Immunal, Reaferon and Estifan.

Types of pathogens with a low risk of developing cancer

Important! Low-oncogenic HPV types, which in extremely rare cases cause cancer, include: 6, 11, 14, 42, 44, 53, 54.

As medical practice shows, HPV 6 and 11 are most often diagnosed in women.

Diagnostics

Like any other type of papillomavirus, the listed varieties with low oncogenic risk can only be identified based on the results of a comprehensive cytological study.

As for external manifestations, when examining a woman on a gynecological chair, a gynecologist can detect characteristic formations with pointed edges. Growths are localized mainly on the cervix and must be removed.

Therapy

If the cause of the appearance of characteristic growths on the body is HPV infection of a low-oncogenic type, Preference in treatment is most often given to medications., because the risk of cancerous degeneration of formations is incredibly low.

In this case, you can use Solcoderm, Solkovagin, Panavir, Cryopharm, Imiquad, Condil, Viferon and other effective analogues. And in this case, the addition of local therapy with antiviral agents (Panavir, Isoprinosine, Gosprinosine, Cycloferon, Genferon) and immunostimulating drugs (Galavit, Immunal, Likopid) remains mandatory.

Reference! Low-oncogenic types of HPV do not pose a particular danger.

In the treatment of their manifestations, folk remedies can also be used, as well as various modern methods for removing papillomatous growths on an outpatient basis, which have already been mentioned above.

But we must remember that any rash action is a risk, since they can provoke a deterioration in the condition, therefore, when warts, papillomas and condylomas are detected, it is imperative to consult a specialist.

Here is a short video on this topic:

Human papillomavirus (or HPV) is a family of viruses that cause warts, papillomas, dysplasia, or cancer of the cervix and genital organs in humans. This is the most common viral infection of the genital area.

General family: Papillomaviridae. Latin name: Human papillomavirus.
Abbreviation: HPV (as it is written in the analyzes).

For physicians and students: the entire history of papillomavirus classification changes on the website of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses - link.

What is this virus?

1. More than 100 types of human papillomavirus have been discovered in 50 years. Pathogenic for humans - 80 types.
2. According to WHO, 70% of the world's population is infected with HPV by the age of 50.
3. In children, papillomaviruses cause warts.
4. In women, HPV types 16 and 18 lead to cervical cancer more often than other types. Every year, 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed worldwide.
5. HPV is the vast majority of the cause of genital cancer in women and men.
6. It will not be possible to cure HPV completely and forever. You can only temporarily suppress its development and prevent the appearance of formations.
7. The most effective prevention against cancer of the cervix and genital organs worldwide is the vaccine against types 6, 11, 16 and 18 of papillomaviruses.

This is what HPV looks like under an electron microscope

How does infection occur?

The source of the virus is the skin cells of a sick person. Not blood! Not saliva! Only cells of the skin or mucosa.

If the patient has a papilloma, even if it is small in size, it is she who is the direct source of the virus!
At the same time, the patient may not yet have warts or condyloma during examination. Changes may still be microscopic, not visible to the eye (subclinical stage of the disease). But such a person can already transmit the virus to another person.

Infection usually occurs during childhood. Through microdamages of the skin of the child (scratches, abrasions), the papillomavirus penetrates the skin and causes the appearance of warts. We read about what types of warts are here: link.

In adults, certain types of virus (to be discussed below) cause the development of anogenital warts, or genital warts (). The transmission mechanism of these types is predominantly sexual.
But theoretically, a contact-household transmission route is also possible - through common hygiene items, the rim of the toilet bowl, taking a bath, visiting a bathhouse, swimming pool, etc.

Through microtrauma of the genital organs, the virus is transmitted from one sexual partner to another. In this case, the patient may also not have any changes visible to the eye. But microscopic changes in the mucous membrane of the genital organs can be. And these altered cells are the source of the virus.

Next, the virus penetrates the skin or mucous membranes and is met by various cells of the human immune system. In most cases, immune cells destroy the virus. Read more about the work of the immune system.

But if the immune system is weakened, the virus has time to penetrate the cells of the basal layer of the epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes, HPV DNA is integrated into the chromosomes of cells and changes the functioning of these cells. Cells begin to divide excessively and grow in a limited area, externally turning into warts and papillomas.

The incubation period can be short - 3 months, and can last for years. That is, there is a virus in the body, it can be present in only a few epithelial cells. But the immune system is strong enough to prevent it from developing into a full-fledged formation visible to the eye.

How papillomavirus develops in the skin

Remember

The types of HPV that cause warts enter the body during childhood,

The HPV types that cause genital warts enter the body primarily through sexual contact.

In rare cases, the development of human papillomavirus infection in the human body can lead to malignancy (that is, degeneration into cancer). Therefore, all types of papillomaviruses are classified according to the degree of oncogenicity (that is, according to the degree of possible development of cancer).

Types of HPV oncogenic and non-oncogenic

(according to research by McConcl D. J., 1991; Lorincz A. T., 1992; Bosch E X. et al., 2002; Kozlova V. I., Pukhner A. F., 2003; Syrjanen S., 2003; Shakhova N. M. et al., 2006;).

1. Non-oncogenic HPV types, that is, never causing cancer: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 28, 49
2. Low-oncogenic HPV types (very rarely cause cancer): 6, 11, 13, 32, 34, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 72
3. Types of average oncogenic risk (percentage of cancerous degeneration is average): 26, 30, 35, 52, 53, 56, 58, 65
4. Highly oncogenic types of HPV (the risk of cancerous degeneration is high): 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 50, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 70, 73. This is especially important in women.

By the way, sometimes the classification changes. For example, HPV type 58 in women is no longer highly oncogenic. It began to be attributed to types with an average oncogenicity.

Occurrence in diseases

• In 73-90% of cases with cervical cancer, HPV types 16, 18 and 45 are found
• In 77-93% of cases with cervical cancer, HPV types 16, 18, 45, 31 and 59 are found
• In 80-94% of cases with cervical cancer, HPV types 16, 18, 45, 31, 33 and 59 are found
• Precancerous conditions in urology and gynecology are often combined with 61, 62, 68, 70, 73 HPV types.

The most frequently encountered in the analysis

• human papillomavirus 16 (spelled HPV 16) - 50%
• human papillomavirus 18 (HPV 18) - 10%

HPV 16 and 18 types

Symptoms and clinic

Symptoms and manifestations of HPV infection are warts, papillomas, dysplasia and cervical cancer. Different types of viruses - different manifestations in patients.

1. Warts

They are caused by the following types of HPV - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 28, 49.

• youthful (or flat) warts - are caused by types 3 and 5 of the virus. These are small flat elevations on the skin, occur mainly in children. This type of wart is described in detail.
• spines (or plantar warts) - are caused by types 1 and 2 of the virus (you can read more about them).
• vulgar warts on the fingers - caused by type 2 viruses (detailed article about them).

2. Genital warts

Localization: on the genitals, in the anus, in the oral cavity and on the lips (types - 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 31, 35). More about these warts -.

The main mechanism of transmission of this disease in adults is sexual. Very rarely, a contact route of transmission can occur - through common toilet items, through a dirty toilet rim, using a shared bathroom, in a bathhouse, etc.

If a child is born to a mother with genital warts, the child is also infected and may subsequently also develop genital warts or papillomatosis of the larynx and respiratory tract (discussed above). However, the frequency of such symptoms in infants is extremely low. Children have a fairly high level of immunity, which protects them from such manifestations of infection.

3. Papillomatosis of the larynx

Small, flat wart plaques (somewhat similar to flat warts) appear around the genitals. It often develops in men who constantly change sexual partners. Called by types - 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 48, 51, 54.

5. Dysplasia and cervical cancer

More formidable clinical manifestations of HPV infection in women are cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, or dysplasia) of the cervix and cervical cancer (see photo). This is the most common type of malignant course of this infection. A more detailed article on CIN and dysplasia -.

Pictured is cervical cancer.

Remember

Cervical erosion and HPV are NOT the same thing. A detailed article on what cervical erosion is and how it differs from dysplasia and HPV -.

Modern medicine declares with 100% certainty that cervical cancer is caused exclusively by papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 55, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67.

The diagram shows the development of HPV infection over the years

6. Cancer of the skin of the penis (Bowen's disease)

Caused by virus types 16 and 18.

Today, some foreign scientists believe that the human papillomavirus is the cause of cancer of any localization. Since cancer is a malignant tumor of the epithelium of the skin or mucous membrane, therefore, the HPV virus, which causes dysplastic phenomena in the epithelium, causes the appearance of cancer. And with cervical cancer, this is 100% proven.

There is evidence for breast cancer and laryngeal cancer, though not yet formalized into a global recommendation. And, according to some cancer researchers, the day is not far off when cancer of another localization (for example, intestines) is also recognized as the result of activity in the human body of the human papillomavirus.

Remember

Any viral infection that is constantly in the human body (and HPV is one of those) is activated only when immunity is reduced.

Diagnostics

1. PCR analysis

The main method for diagnosing papillomavirus is the PCR reaction. Using special reagents, the presence of HPV DNA in the material from the patient is determined. The most common types of analysis for HPV are types 16, 18 of the virus, as well as a number of other highly oncogenic types.

Material for analysis is taken from the mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix of a woman. In men - from the mucous membrane of the penis.

Below in the photo is an example of PCR analysis and its decoding.

PCR can detect the presence of the virus even in a latent (that is, dormant) state. Therefore, it is important to determine the viral load, or the concentration of the virus.

The PCR reaction can also give a false result, both a false positive and a false negative result, especially if the conditions for its conduct are violated (even a push of the table on which the study is being carried out can lead to such a false result).

So, according to modern researchers in the West, up to 20% of all PCR results for papillomavirus were false. And this fact did not depend on the complexity of the equipment and the quality of the reagents.

2. Digene test

A new study gaining popularity in the medical community. This test is used to determine the presence of clinically significant levels of the virus. Thanks to this test, it is possible to identify - a high degree of oncogenicity in viruses in the patient's body, or a low one.

The Digene test is used in combination with a cytological examination of the cervix, and they are also evaluated in a complex manner.

3. Examination by a gynecologist and/or urologist

4. Pap test

Other names are cytological examination, or "Pap smear".

A smear taken during a gynecological examination is examined. This study is often referred to as "liquid-based cytology" or simply "cytology".

At the same time, a laboratory assistant under a microscope determines the presence or absence of pathologically altered cells, which should not normally exist, but they appear only with the development of the disease. The presence of such altered cells may indicate the presence of CIN (or cervical dysplasia) in a woman.

5. Histological examination

A microscopic piece of tissue is examined, also taken during a gynecological or urological examination. Another name for this study is "biopsy". Under a microscope, the doctor evaluates the degree of change in the tissue taken for examination.

How to decipher the analysis for HPV?

An example of a PCR analysis for HPV

Analysis interpretation

The unit of measurement is the number of genome equivalents (in simple terms, the number of viruses) per 100,000 human epithelial cells (that is, 10 to the 5th power).

Abbreviated: Lg

Gradations:

1. 3 – 5 Lg. This is a clinically significant indicator. The risk of developing the disease is average. You need to be examined by a doctor.
2. > 5 LG. High viral load. Be sure to undergo a full examination to exclude cervical dysplasia.

What is a reference value

This means the average statistical indicators for this study in this age group. That is, in a simple way, the reference values ​​​​are the norm.

For HPV reference values ​​are negative. That is, normally HPV DNA should not be in the analyzes.

What is KVM?

KVM is the control of taking material. Normally, the doctor should take a scraping in such a way that there are at least 10,000 (or 10 to the 4th degree, or 4Lg) epithelial cells in the material sample.
If the CME value is less than 4Lg, this means that there are few cells for analysis. The analysis is not recommended, as it will not be informative, and the doctor is advised to repeat the sampling of the material.

Treatment

Remember

• In the treatment of human papillomavirus, you need to know: the virus may not be completely removed from the body. The main goal of treatment is to remove the manifestations of the virus and reduce its concentration in the body so that the human immune system itself suppresses the virus.
• First, the doctor must make the correct diagnosis, and this is already half the treatment!!!
• Self-medication has low efficiency and can lead to the progression of the process. Self-medication is especially dangerous for diseases of the genital area.
• With all types of treatment, a healthy lifestyle that enhances immunity is required.

Mandatory 3 directions in treatment

• removal of manifestations - warts, genital warts, dysplasia (erosion) or cervical cancer
• taking antiviral drugs (rarely used in the treatment of warts)
• strengthening immunity (rarely used in the treatment of warts)

1) Removal

Removal of papillomas with a laser

Radio wave papilloma removal

The radio wave vaporizes the formation in the same way as a laser. .

Removal of papilloma with a scalpel

Removal of papillomas with an electric knife

In fact - this is the same scalpel, only electric. Currently, it is practically not used in cosmetology.

Removal with liquid nitrogen

More detailed article about this method -

Cauterizing agents

Pharmaceutical locally necrotic drugs (acids, alkalis) are used:
- Super cleaner
- Solcoderm ()
- Duofilm()
- Collomac()
- Verrukacid, or ferezol ()
- Condilin ()
- and a number of others.

2) Antivirals

• Isoprinosine (or groprinosin): 2 tablets - 3 times a day; 14-28 days (more detailed article about this drug -).
• Allokin-alpha: 1 ampoule, dissolve the powder in 1 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride, inject subcutaneously 1 time in two days, course - 6 injections (described in more detail about Allokin).
• Epigen intimate spray: spray the affected area 4 times a day throughout the entire treatment period (more detailed instructions).
• Panavir: available in different forms - gel, spray, suppositories, injection solution - it all depends on the prevalence and localization of the process (detailed material about Panavir).

3) Drugs that increase immunity

Polyoxidonium, Roncoleukin, Immunal and others:

• Immunal: 1 tablet - 4 times a day, the course is from 2 to 8 weeks.
• Reaferon: powder of 1 bottle (1 million units) diluted with water (half a teaspoon), drink 30 minutes before meals - 2 times a day, for 10 days.
• Polyoxidonium: 1 suppository (12 mg) inside the vagina or in the rectum at night every other day - 10 times.

HPV and pregnancy

Attention

The human papillomavirus does not affect reproductive function, that is, the virus does not prevent a woman from having a child.

If papillomavirus infection is detected during pregnancy:

• the first is to find a good gynecologist and be observed by him until the birth,
• the most important thing is what manifestations of the infection a woman has, the tactics of the doctor will depend on this,
• The virus has no effect on the fetus!
• warts and papillomas can be removed after childbirth,
• minimum drugs (only as needed) during pregnancy,
• during childbirth, the child can become infected, passing through the birth canal,
• in the presence of expressed changes on the cervix of the pregnant woman can offer a caesarean section,
• in the absence of manifestations - childbirth in a natural way.

In general, caesarean section for HPV infection is rarely performed. And manifestations of infection in children subsequently are also extremely rare or insignificant.

Prevention

Prevention is the best cure. Remember this phrase, especially when it comes to the sexual sphere.

Nature has come up with a wonderful mechanism for healing and prevention for a person, which then helps him not to get sick again. This is the immune system.

If a person has already had warts or papillomas once, then later he develops immunity to this type of virus. Therefore, in adults, juvenile warts, spinules and vulgar warts very rarely appear.

It is on this principle that the method of vaccinating a person against various infectious diseases, including papillomavirus, is built.

That is why it is SO IMPORTANT to keep your immunity at a high level. A detailed article on how to strengthen immunity - read.

Specific prevention of PVI infection

• Vaccine "Gardasil" (Gardasil) manufactured in the USA. This vaccine against types 6, 11, 16, 18 - prevents the development of such symptoms of infection as genital warts, neoplasia (dysplasia, or erosion) and cervical cancer, penile skin cancer in men. In many developed countries, vaccination against HPV is carried out very actively, starting from the age of 11-12 years (link), until the time of the onset of sexual activity, when infection already occurs. Applies to both girls and boys.
• Vaccine "Gardasil 9". This vaccine is nine-valent, that is, it acts against 9 types of the virus: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. The effectiveness of preventing cervical cancer is from 98% to 100%.
• Vaccine "Cervarix". This vaccine forms immunity against 2 types of the virus: 16 and 18.

Non-specific prophylaxis

• Personal hygiene measures in public places
• A healthy lifestyle that supports a high immune system
• Proper mode of work and rest
• Moderate physical culture
• Taking vitamins, fruits, juices
• Only one sexual partner (ideally)
• Using a condom during sexual intercourse

And in conclusion - a few videos on the topic of the material recommended for viewing.

Attention: if the doctor did not answer your question, then the answer is already on the pages of the site. Use the search on the site.