Global problems: the demographic problem. Ways to solve the demographic problem. "The main demographic problems of Russia. Solutions" What problems does demographic policy solve

The totality of all people living on the planet (humanity) or in a certain territory - the mainland, country, republic, region, separate settlement - is called population. A variety of events that are constantly taking place with people, developing into certain processes, are studied by a special science - demography.

The population is constantly in motion, quantitative and qualitative change, reproduced through the change of generations, as well as through territorial movements. The population of the earth forms demographic situation, i.e. state demographic processes(growth and reproduction of the population, changes in its composition, migration mobility).

The rapid growth of the world population, most of which is in developing countries with a backward economy and an undeveloped social sphere, which are unable to use this growth for the benefit of their development, creates global demographic problem the importance and significance of which is now recognized by all states that have realized that the relationship between population development and nature is more fragile than it seemed before, that the growth of armed conflicts and the arms race, especially in developing countries, lead to huge material costs, significantly worsening the possibilities for economic and social development and thus for the solution of population problems. Uncontrolled migration and urbanization change from positive to negative. The solution of all these problems is possible only with the joint efforts of the entire world community. This was largely facilitated by the creation of 1969 within the UN UN Special Fund for activities in the field of population and under its auspices world conferences on population issues.

One of the main documents of the fund was World Plan (Programme) of Action in the Field of Population, adopted in Bucharest (1997) for twenty years. The program considered questions fertility, mortality and population growth rates, issues of urbanization and migration.

The basis for the actual solution of population problems according to the plan is, first of all, socio-economic transformations. The program examines the relationship between population, sustainable economic growth and sustainable development, calling for the development of policies and laws that provide more effective support for the family, as well as to promote family stability.

Many states began to regulate population growth. The government of the most populous country, China, has set out to limit the birth rate by banning families from having more than one child. As a result annual population growth decreased from 2.8 to 1.0% and became below the world average. Populous India also decided to follow the Chinese path.

In some developed countries (France, Germany, Denmark) politics, aimed at increasing fertility: families with two or more children are allocated good benefits, various benefits are provided.

In accordance with the results of statistical and mathematical calculations and forecasts, we will hypothesize that an increase in the level of GDP production, the standard of living, the main indicators of employment and other economic indicators can return the demographic situation in Russia to the stage of the "demographic transition" at which it was interrupted. in the early 1990s with the onset of economic, social and demographic crises. Thus, prospective tasks fall into two groups. The first group of tasks is relevant at the present time and is being solved at the stage of Russia's exit from the demographic crisis and return to the track of the "demographic transition". The second group of tasks is related to the long-term perspective and the beginning of Russia's movement after the countries that have gone the farthest along the trajectory of the "demographic transition", especially in terms of reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy. Of course, moving behind these countries, Russia will inevitably face the threats of an aging population, balancing the birth rate at a relatively low level that does not ensure natural reproduction, and problems in the field of immigration.

It can be concluded that an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in mortality to levels close to those observed in the late 1980s can occur as a result of an increase in GDP and living standards to the corresponding values. This means that the basis of demographic policy for the coming years is the growth of production, employment, incomes of the population, an increase in housing construction and its real affordability for the population. That is, demographic policy in a broad sense is all economic policy. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the state has the right to refrain from conducting a demographic policy in the narrow sense - solving specific problems of population reproduction by methods that have long been tested in France and other foreign countries and were partially used in our country until 1991.

First of all, it is necessary to strengthen the stimulation of the birth rate by increasing family benefits in connection with the birth and upbringing of children to levels comparable to the subsistence minimum (per each child of the corresponding age). The costs that may be imposed on the state budget in this case are incommensurable with the future damage from depopulation if measures against this latter are not taken without delay. Of course, special programs are also needed to develop health care, improve working conditions, combat domestic injuries and other measures to combat mortality.

In addition, you need:

meeting the needs of families in pre-school education services;

affordability of housing for families with children;

stimulation of the birth rate - the provision of maternal (family) capital, flexibility of forms ..., a ban on the promotion of abortion, strengthening the family, improving material living conditions;

improving health, especially for young people;

reduction of mortality (fight against alcoholism, drug addiction);

increasing average life expectancy (combating mass diseases, raising well-being, improving health);

strive to change moral values, when the priority of family life becomes the need not for a water child, but for several;

in love with children;

it is necessary to raise the prestige of a large family.

In addition to the above measures, efforts to form attitudes towards self-preservation behavior and a healthy lifestyle of the population may be useful.

The strategic goals of the migration policy are based on the priorities, which are: maintaining the demographic, labor and defense potential, geopolitical balance, normalizing the proportions of resettlement, primarily the settlement of poorly developed and border areas, etc. Implementation of an effective policy in the field of regulating migration and population, in particular , involves the use of the migration potential of the CIS and Baltic countries in the interests of the demographic development of the Russian Federation, the effective protection of the rights of forced migrants and refugees throughout the country, and the promotion of the integration of forced migrants into Russian society.

It remains necessary to profile various categories of immigrants to Russia and move to a differentiated, privileged approach to attracting compatriots (repatriates) from among the representatives of the indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation and countries that are in integration relations with it - currently Belarus - with the appropriate provision of their housing , work, all types of social benefits (similar to Germany and Israel), limited access, based on strict criteria, all other categories of foreign citizens (regardless of their origin from the CIS and Baltic countries or other countries). Among the criteria for admitting the last category of migrants to Russia may be family reunification, good reasons for obtaining political refugee status, the availability of capital for investment in the Russian economy, the presence of specialties and qualifications that are in short supply on the Russian labor market (similar to the United States and a number of other countries). It is also expedient to introduce quotas for the latter category of immigrants and pursue a tough policy of deportation of persons who are unreasonably (illegally) on the territory of the Russian Federation. When conducting migration policy, it should be borne in mind that the reception and decent accommodation of desirable (privileged) categories of immigrants should be massive and serve both to compensate for Russia's demographic losses (in particular, negative natural growth) and to improve the quality of its labor force as a result of the influx of qualified specialists and persons with a sufficiently high level of education.

In the mid 1970s. birth rates in the "old" and "new" world practically coincided. Changes in institutional control over the sphere of sexuality and childbearing were also unidirectional. The spearhead of youth unrest in the second half of the 1960s. on both sides of the Atlantic was not least directed against forms of such control unacceptable to the new generation. Although the "May Revolution" of 1968 in Paris ended, as it seemed then, with the defeat of the youth who rebelled against the "system", just a few years later, both in Europe and in the United States, a significant liberalization of family and reproductive legislation began. In part, this happened because in the thermonuclear era the "demographic competition" of the great powers lost its military-political relevance, and in part because of the revision of state functions that had begun everywhere.

Legislative acts legalizing abortion were adopted: in England in 1967, Denmark and the USA - in 1973, Sweden - in 1974, France - 1975-1979, Germany - 1976. In Italy, at referendums in 1974 and 1978 most voters opposed the repeal of laws that allowed divorce and legalized abortion. Events formed such a coherent picture of the triumph of liberal values ​​that it was appropriate to speak of the "end of history" a decade before F. Fukuyama wrote about it (in a broader context). Suddenly, this picture began to fall apart. There are three levels of fertility:

The highest, close to the level of simple reproduction - in the USA;

Relatively low - Western European;

Ultra-low - South European (most pronounced in Italy).

Almost simultaneously with the divergence of fertility trends, differences began to appear in the trends of institutional control over the sphere of sexuality and childbearing. As the attitude of European politicians and the public towards abortion, extramarital cohabitation and same-sex marriage became more and more liberal, conservative tendencies gained strength in the United States.

The "first sign" was the refusal in 1984 of the administration of R. Reagan - an implacable opponent of abortion - to finance foreign organizations that promote their implementation. In 2003, George W. Bush signed a decree banning abortions in late pregnancy, and a year later, an act to protect the unborn victims of violence. In February 2004, he also proposed an amendment to the US Constitution to remove the possibility of legal registration of same-sex marriages. These initiatives were justified by moral considerations and the fundamental importance of Christian values ​​for the American nation.

In general, the differences in the attitude of Americans and Europeans towards religion are increasing more and more. Thus, recent comparative studies have shown that religion plays a very important role in the lives of 59% of US residents. This is much more than in the UK (33%), Italy (27%), Germany (21%), Russia (14%), France (11%). In American society, the positions of opponents of abortion are strengthening. If in the mid-1990s, judging by the polls of the Gallup Institute, 33% of Americans surveyed defined their position as pro - life (in defense of life, against abortion), and pro - choice (for freedom of choice, against the ban on abortion) - 56 %, in 2000 these figures were 45% and 47%, respectively. Changes in reproductive legislation initiated by the republican administration are supported by the vast majority of conservative Christian voters

Over the past decades, conservative demographic behaviors have continued to be widespread among the US population. The total fertility rate for non-Hispanic white women is 1.9, significantly higher than in the vast majority of European countries. By 2002, 40.4% of American women in this category aged 40-44 who were (or were previously) married had already given birth to two children, another 20.1% - three, and 8.7% - four or more children . Economically inactive (that is, not working and not looking for work or not ready to start one) 45% of American women aged 15 to 44 with children. Thus, one can speak of a widespread "conservative-demographic" syndrome in the United States, which includes interconnected conservative models of not only political and electoral, but also demographic behavior.

It is necessary to note a number of other factors that positively affect the birth rate in the United States. This is the rapid growth in the wages of American women, which allowed many of them to give birth to children "without looking back" at not very reliable partners; the rapid growth of the child care market; rather generous subsidizing of parents' expenses for such services from federal funds. In addition, structural changes in the labor market have led to an increase in the number of part-time jobs (32% of working women aged 15 to 44 with children work in them). Finally, we should mention the rapid growth in the number of Hispanics (currently about 13% of all US residents), who are characterized by a slightly higher birth rate than the rest of the country's population (the values ​​of the total fertility rate in 2000 were, respectively, 3.1 and 2.1).

Since the early 1980s fertility trends in Western European countries also began to diverge. If in the latter there was a stabilization of the total fertility rate at the level (average for the region) of 1.6-1.7 with a rapid increase in the share of extramarital births, then in Italy the total fertility rate fell to an all-time low (about 1.2) marks, while the share of illegitimate births grew much more slowly.

The roots of this phenomenon lie in the specific relations characteristic of Italy between such institutions as the state, church, family and marriage. The strength of family ties and family business have long compensated for the weakness and inefficiency of the state in Italy. Such an organization of society sharply increases the dependence of the individual on the family and imposes on the older members of the family special duties to the younger ones, because it is very difficult to find a worthy place in life without kindred patronage.

In Italy, marriage still has unconditional moral precedence over an extramarital union. The attitude towards the institution of marriage remains quite serious - in the age group of 20-24 years, this institution seems outdated only 11.6% of women and 15.3% of men. In addition, the divorce procedure is still quite complicated. As a result, people do not marry because it is too responsible, and do not form an extramarital union because it is reprehensible. If in Northern and Western Europe extramarital births make a significant contribution to the total number of births, then in the south of Europe this does not happen.

The marriage birth rate is also low. Italians still would like their families to have two or three children5. However, the norms of Italian familism (familismo), that is, nepotism, have a lowering effect on fertility, because they require parents to take zealous care for the education and professional career of their children, and these are very expensive enterprises. In addition, the labor market in Italy offers fewer flexible employment opportunities for women than in other developed countries. As a result, young people postpone marriage until the last opportunity, which adversely affects the level of marital fertility. Late marriage is also promoted by the centuries-old traditions of cohabitation of parents and children in a number of regions of Italy, the high cost of rented housing, the high, albeit declining, youth unemployment rate. Much of the above is also characteristic of Spain, where the birth rate is also noticeably lower than in Western Europe.

The USSR and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) since the mid-1960s. experienced stagnation or a decline in life expectancy. The transformational recession worsened the situation everywhere. In this regard, the UN report calls the loss of human lives associated with a decrease in the life expectancy of young and middle-aged men in a number of CEE countries (especially in Russia) the most difficult "human cost" of the transition from one socio-economic system to another. However, the magnitude of this decline and the subsequent dynamics of indicators in the east and west of the region under consideration were different.

The Czech Republic and Slovakia (in 1991), Poland (in 1992), Hungary (in 1994) were the first to recover from the decline in life expectancy, followed by Romania, Bulgaria and Moldova (respectively, in 1997, 1998 and 1999). gg.). In Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, a steady increase in life expectancy has not begun to date.

The depth of the life expectancy crisis in various countries of the region and the timing of the way out of it were determined by the nature of the interaction of institutions of various types and levels:

law enforcement and health institutions;

property rights;

permanent ways of thinking and acting that have become habit and custom.

Faster and with less losses out of the crisis - both socio-economic and demographic - came countries in which:

the nature of socio-economic transformations corresponded to the mentality of the majority of the population;

law enforcement and public health institutions were easier to reform;

the alcoholic subculture had a smaller role in economic, political and everyday life;

the standard of living before the transformational recession was relatively high;

there were favorable political and economic conditions for foreign investment.

In the relatively recent past, even before the era of antibiotics and with widespread famine, humanity did not particularly think about its size. And there was a reason, since constant wars and massive famine claimed millions of lives.

Especially indicative in this respect were the two World Wars, when the losses of all the warring parties exceeded 70-80 million people. Historians believe that more than 100 million died, since the actions of the Japanese militarists in China to this day have not been adequately studied, although they killed a huge number of civilians.

Today there are other global problems. The demographic problem is one of the most serious and important among them. However, one should not assume that the sharp increase in the number of mankind began exclusively in our days. In the distant past, there were also sharp jumps in the population of individual countries, and all these processes often led to very serious consequences on a global scale.

What causes a population explosion?

It is believed that sharp bursts in population do have a positive side. The fact is that in this case, entire countries are “younger”, the costs of medicine are reduced. But that's where all the good ends.

The number of beggars is growing sharply, the cost of education is growing many times over, the number of specialists graduating from educational institutions is growing so much that the country simply cannot provide them with employment. A huge number of young and healthy people appear on the labor market who are ready to do work for very modest remuneration. As a result, the cost of their labor (already cheap) falls to a minimum. The rise in crime begins, robberies and murders quickly become the "calling card" of the state.

Comprehensive vision of the problem

In addition, in many regions of Central Africa the population has already been reduced to such a state of poverty that a large number of children who will work in the fields or beg is the only means of survival for the family. Growing up, they join the ranks of countless armed formations that continue to drive the entire region into even greater chaos. The reason is the absence of even elementary state support for social development, the absence of any sources of official income.

Other dangers of overpopulation

It is known that the level of consumption of modern civilization is many thousand times higher than the level of normal biological human needs. Even the poorest countries are consuming more than they did a couple of hundred years ago.

Of course, with a sharp increase in the population, the general impoverishment of most of it and the complete inability of state structures to establish at least some semblance of control over all this, the irrational consumption of resources increases like an avalanche. The consequence of this is the manifold increase in the discharge of toxic waste from artisanal enterprises, mountains of garbage and the complete neglect of at least some environmental protection measures.

What does all this lead to?

As a result, the country is on the verge of an ecological catastrophe, and the population is on the verge of starvation. Do you think modern demographic problems began only in recent years? In the same Africa, since the mid-60s, in entire provinces, people began to suffer from a lack of food. Western medicines made it possible to increase life expectancy, but its general way of life remained the same.

Many children were born, more and more land was needed to feed them. And farming there to this day is carried out by the slash-and-burn method. As a result, hectares of fertile soil turned into deserts, subjected to wind erosion and leaching.

These are all global problems. The demographic problem (as you can see) is characteristic of transitional cultures that have gained a sharp access to the benefits of modern civilization. They do not know how to reorganize or do not want to, as a result of which there are severe socio-cultural contradictions that can even lead to war.

Reverse example

However, in our world there are many countries in which the demographic problem is presented from a completely opposite angle. We are talking about developed countries, in which the problem is precisely that people of reproductive age do not want to create families, do not give birth to children.

As a result, migrants take the place of indigenous peoples, who often contribute to the complete destruction of the entire socio-cultural component of the ethnic group that previously lived in this territory. Of course, this is not a very life-affirming ending, but without the active intervention and participation of the state, such a problem cannot be solved.

How can the demographic problem be solved?

So what are the ways to solve the demographic problem? Solutions follow logically from the causes of the phenomenon. First, it is imperative to raise the standard of living of the population and improve its medical care. It is known that mothers in poor countries are often forced to give birth to many children, not only because of tradition, but also because of high

If every child survives, it will make less sense to give birth to a dozen children. Unfortunately, in the case of the same migrants in Europe, good medical care only led to the fact that they began to give birth even more. Approximately the same is observed in Haiti, where the vast majority of the population lives far below the poverty line, but continues to give birth regularly. Various public organizations pay benefits to many, which are quite enough for survival.

Medicine - above all!

Therefore, it is not necessary to be limited only to improving the quality of medical care. It is necessary to offer financial incentives to families with no more than two or three children, tax them less, offer simplified schemes for entering universities for children from such families. In other words, they must be addressed comprehensively.

In addition, effective social advertising about the benefits of contraception, supported by the low cost of such drugs, is extremely important. It is necessary to explain to people that overpopulation entails poor living conditions for their children, who will not be able to live normally in the smog of large cities, devoid of greenery and clean air.

How to increase the birth rate?

And what are the ways to solve the demographic problem, if we have to fight not with overpopulation, but with a shortage of this very population? Oddly enough, but they are almost the same. Consider them from the standpoint of our state.

First, it is extremely important to improve the well-being of the population. Many young families do not have a child just because they are not sure about the future. We need affordable housing for young families, tax incentives, significantly increased payments of material benefits to families with many children.

Among other things, it is mandatory to provide the opportunity to obtain preferential medicines and food for children. Since all this costs a lot, many young families simply deplete their budgets by buying everything they need only with their own money. In the same row is the reduction in young and large families.

Of course, we should not forget about the promotion of family values. In any case, the solution of the demographic problem must necessarily be comprehensive, with the obligatory consideration of all the factors that lead to birth disorders.

Borovikova Maria

Demography- the science about regularitiespopulation reproduction. She studies numbers

migration and other reasons.

by levels fertility and mortality;

by the difference between them - the level natural increase;

as of gender structure,

Purpose of my project

Research objectives :

1. Learn history education and reasons demographic crises;

2. Assess the consequences demographic crisis

Research methods :

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Introduction

Conclusion 16 Bibliography 18 Appendix 20

Introduction

Demography - the scienceabout regularitiespopulation reproduction. She learns number, territorial distribution and composition of the population, their changes, the causes and consequences of these changes and gives recommendations for their improvement.

The demographic situation is the state of population reproduction, which depends on socio-economic, natural conditions,migrationand other reasons.

The demographic situation, population reproduction, its condition and dynamics are assessed:

1. by birth and death rates;
2. by the difference between them - the levelnatural increase;
3. as of gender structure,which has an active influence on both the state of demographic processes.

Purpose of my project: to analyze the current demographic situation in Russia on the basis of the most recent statistical data available

Research objectives:

1. Explore history education and reasonsdemographic crises;
2. Estimate effectsdemographic crisis
3. Suggest ways out of the demographic crisis.

Research methods:

1. Statistical (population data);
2. Mathematical (determination of the birth rate in Russia);
3. Analytical (analysis of data on natural increase n), etc.

1. The history of the formation of demographic crises

The demographic crisis in the Russian Federation -reproductive disorderpopulationRussiathreatening its existence. The emergence of the crisis is attributed to the early 1990s.

Demographers consider the main causes of the demographic crisis in the Russian Federation to be:

1. Decline in the birth rate.From 1965 to the present, the birth rate in Russia does not providesimple reproduction of the population

The reason for the decline in the birth rate is the change under the influence of the media of reproductive attitudes, the introduction into the minds of Russian youth of foreign models of family, reproductive and sexual behavior.

Beginning in 1988, a sharp decline in the number of births begins, against the backdrop of an increase inmortalitythere was a demographic declinemortalitymore birth rate), but natural population growth continued until1992when for the first time the number of births was 1.58 million and deaths - 1.80 million.

The birth rate in Russia exceeds similar indicators in the EU countries (9.9 per 1000 people), Japan (7.7 per 1000 people), Canada (10.2 per 1000 people) and approximately corresponds to the level of France and Australia. The death rate still outweighs the birth rate. However, in relation to 2009, the rate of natural loss decreased - by 5.6%. In 1999, the total coefficient was equal to 1.15, and by 2009 it increased to 1.55.(see appendix fig.6).

Regional differences in fertility are partially smoothed out. If in 60syears, the total fertility rate was inMoscow 1.4, and in Dagestan- 5, then by 2009 this figure in Moscow dropped to 1.3, and in Dagestan - to 1.9. Population growth from 2002 to 2010 in Moscow is up to 11%, and in Dagestan over 15%(see appendix fig.7.)

1. Reducing life expectancy.Mortality among Russian men and women of working age is significantly higher than the European average. The average life expectancy of men is 61.4 years, the life expectancy of women is much higher - 73.9 years(see appendix fig. 8).

The rise in mortality. Mortality among Russian men is especially high, which is associated, in particular, with a high level of consumption of strong alcoholic beverages, a large number of accidents, murders and suicides.(see appendix fig.9).However, infant mortality in Russia is only slightly higher than the European average, at 8.1 deaths under one year per 1,000 live births (2009, dataMinistry of Health and Social Development). The main classes of causes of death in Russia in 2007:

Reference books

1. Russia's Peacetime Demographic Crisis: Dimensions, Causes, Implications
2. Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, G. A. Cornia. Population crisis and rising mortality in transitional Russia. - in.: The mortality crisis in transitional economies. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000: p. 253-279.
3. A. G. Vishnevsky, V. M. Shkolnikov.Mortality in Russia. Main risk groups and action priorities. - M.: Carnegie Moscow Center, Scientific reports, Vol. 19, 1997

Application

Fig 1. B XX centuryRussia has experienced several demographic crises.

Fig. 2 Data on the number of births and deaths since 1950.

Birth rate Death rate Growth


Global trends

Fig.3 Map of the world byaverage number of children born to a woman in her lifetime, taking into account averages for women of all ages, data from 2011.

7-8 children 6-7 children 5-6 children 4-5 children

3-4 children 2-3 children 1-2 children 0-1 children

Fig.4 Dynamics of natural decline and migration growth of the population of Russia in 1993-2009, in thousand people

Figure 5. Population of Russia in 1950-2010

Fig.6 Total fertility rate in Russia in 1990-2009

Fig.7 Population change in different subjects of the Russian Federation.

Fig. 8 Dynamics of the general mortality rate of men in the RSFSR and the Russian Federation since 1950

Fig. 9 Dynamics of life expectancy for men and women in the Russian Federation since 1950

Rice. 10 The number of deaths from murders in Russia in 1990-2009, per 100 thousand people

Gender and age pyramid

Fig. 11 Pyramid of the population of Russia in 2011 by sex and age.

Fig. 12 Trends in increasing life expectancy in Russia.

The importance and significance of the global demographic problem today is essentially recognized by all states that have realized that the rapid growth of the world population, most of which is in developing countries, whose backward economy and undeveloped social sphere are not able to turn this growth for the benefit of their development; that the spread of dangerous diseases such as AIDS, whose powerful foci again fall on the poorest countries, leads to an increase in mortality; that uncontrolled migration and urbanization are turning from positive into negative phenomena; that the link between population development and nature is more fragile than previously thought; that the growth of armed conflicts and the arms race, especially in developing countries, lead to enormous material costs, significantly impairing opportunities for economic and social development and thus for solving population problems.

It is realized that the solution of all these problems is possible only with the joint efforts of the entire world community. The creation in 1969 within the framework of the United Nations of a special UN Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) and the holding of three World Population Conferences under its auspices contributed greatly. The Fund, already at the beginning of its activity, developed the UN program in the field of population, which covered more than 100 countries and included about 1,400 projects. Over the past years, the Fund's financial assistance alone for the implementation of national programs in the field of population has exceeded 100 million dollars a year; in 1998, 56.3 million dollars were allocated for international programs.

A special role belongs to the Foundation for the organization and holding of the World Population Conferences, held in 1974 in Bucharest, in 1984 in Mexico City and in 1994 in Cairo, at which acute population problems were considered, the most important policy documents in this area were adopted.

An important difference between these conferences and other scientific and practical forums was that they were held at a high governmental level, in contrast to previous conferences on population problems, at which experts spoke only on their own behalf.

One of these main documents was the World Population Action Plan adopted in Bucharest in 1997 for 20 years.

The plan emphasized that the basis for a real solution to population problems is, first of all, socio-economic transformations. In 1984, the second International Population Conference was held in Mexico City, in which the governments of 147 countries participated against the 136 countries that participated in the conference in 1974. It summed up the results of the World Population Action Plan for 10 years and adopted the Declaration on Population and Development, which confirmed the importance of the principles and goals of the Action Plan adopted 10 years ago and made recommendations for its further implementation.

In 1994, Cairo hosted the third World Conference on Population and Development, which was attended by 179 states. The final document of the conference was adopted - the 20-year Program of Action in the field of population and development, consisting of 16 chapters, relating to almost all topical problems in the field of population.

The program emphasized that more and more states are realizing the need to expand international cooperation in population matters. The program examines the relationship between population, sustainable economic growth and sustainable development.

The Program calls for the development of policies and laws that provide better support for the family, which is the basic unit of society, and also contribute to its stability and take into account the diversity of its forms. The issues of fertility, mortality and population growth rates are considered. Issues of urbanization and migration. In particular, attention is drawn to the problems of the "outflow of the population" from rural areas and appropriate solutions are proposed for these and some other problems associated with resettlement in cities, with forced displacements of the population due to environmental degradation, the growth of armed conflicts.

Chapter XI of the Agenda, on population, development and education, argues that "in the world women make up 75% of the illiterate" and that the global community has a special responsibility to ensure that "all children receive a better education and that they complete primary school." It draws attention to the fact that there is a close and complex relationship between education, marriage age, fertility and mortality.

The Program considers the importance of developing and implementing government programs of action to address population and development issues.

Many states began to regulate population growth. The government of the most populous country, China, set out to limit the birth rate by banning families from having more than one child (with the exception of some autonomous regions of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia). It was not easy, because children are loved in China, but the government was inexorable: families in which a second child appeared were fined, or even evicted to remote autonomous regions. As a result, annual population growth decreased from 2.8% to 1.0% and fell below the global average.

Populous India also decided to follow the Chinese path. Here the slogan was put forward: "One family - two children." But the Indians could not overcome the centuries-old tradition of large families. Therefore, the population of India is rapidly approaching 1 billion, and by 2030 it will overtake China and come out on top in terms of numbers in the world.

The policy of state birth control was carried out by Bangladesh, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, but in Islamic countries, where the prestige of the head of the family is determined by the number of his sons, it was even more doomed to failure than in India. And countries such as Burma, Bhutan, Malaysia, Iraq, Libya and Singapore have decided to maintain the existing high population growth and even encourage it. The demographic policy had the least effectiveness in African countries. If in 1990 their population was 9% of the world, by 2020 it will reach 20%.

The fastest growing population is in Mozambique (4.6% per year) and Afghanistan (5.2% per year). There are 8-10 children for every healthy woman.

In some developed countries (France, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Hungary), a policy is being pursued to increase fertility: families with two or more children are provided with good benefits and various benefits.

In Russia, no official statements have been made regarding the goals of demographic policy. The Government of the Russian Federation has only outlined measures to study the prospects for demographic development and to solve urgent problems of the population. A policy of social protection of families with children is being pursued, and a system of family allowances is in place.