Etymological dictionary online origin of the word name. Etymological dictionary. Private etymological dictionaries of the Russian language

See also `Etymology` in other dictionaries

And, well. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology (special) - alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word of the native language based on the association of meanings (for example, in Leskov: a small scope instead of a microscope). adj. etymological, -th, -th. E. dictionary.

etymology

(Greek etymologia from etymon - truth, the main meaning of the word + logos - concept, teaching). 1) A section of linguistics that studies "the origin and history of individual words and morphemes. 2 The origin and history of words and morphemes. The etymology of the word "grammar"

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A. 1976

Etymology

ETYMOLOGY. 1. The school name of the grammar department, which includes phonetics and morphology Ph.D. language; in this sense, e. is opposed to syntax; in science, the word e. is not used in this sense. 2. In the science of E. of this or that word (in the plural: E-and those or other words) - the origin and history of the morphological composition of this or that individual word, with the elucidation of those morphological elements from which the given word was once formed.

N.D.

Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel Ed. N. Brodsky, A. Love ...

1. Section of linguistics.
2. Medieval edition of Isidore of Seville.
3. Studying the origin of words.
4. Section of linguistics on the origin of words.

(etymology) - the study and evaluation of the origin, as well as the development of words. In modern linguistics, there is a distinction between diachronic language learning (etymology) and synchronic learning (structural analysis) (see Synchronic and Diachronic). The subject of etymology is the identification of the origin and change of meanings of specific words, as well as historical genealogies of groups or "families" of languages, for example, Indo-European, Amerindian (American Indians), etc.

Etymology

ETYMOLOGY and, well. étymologie f., c. etymologia naming the waterfall ruler moisture, I personify it, forgetting its etymology, and I speak of that invisible moteur, the instigator of the water turmoil. 28. 8. 1825. P.A. Vyazemsky - Pushkin. // RA 1874 1 170. - Lex. Ush. 1940: etimolo/ gia.

Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language. - M.: Dictionary publishing house ETS http://www.ets.ru/pg/r/dict/gall_dict.htm. Nikolay Ivanovich Epishkin [email protected] . 2010

and. Greek word production, corneology, the doctrine of the formation of one word from another. -gical dictionary indicating the roots, origin of words, derivational. Etymologist, scholar in this field. Etymology is a conversation with the past, with the thoughts of past generations minted by them from sounds, Khomyakov.

and. 1) A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2) The origin of a word or expression in terms of its relationship with other words or expressions of the given and other languages.

etymology etymology Through lat. etymologia from Greek. ἐτυμολογία from ἔτυμον "true meaning of words"; see Dornzeif 86; Thomsen, Gesch. fourteen. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M.: Progress M. R. Vasmer 1964-1973

etymology, g. (from Greek etymos - true and logos - teaching) (lingu.). 1. only units Department of linguistics that studies the origin of words. Etudes on Russian etymology. 2. The very origin of a word. This word has an unclear etymology. Establish the etymology of some. the words. The etymology of the word "telephone" is Greek. 3. only units Grammar without syntax (i.e., the doctrine of sounds, parts of speech and word forms), advantages. as a subject of school teaching (obsolete). Folk etymology (lingu.) - alteration of an incomprehensible (for example, borrowed) word, explained by the need to bring it closer in sound likeness to some kind of. from familiar words and thus comprehend it, for example. "buyer" vm. "speculator" under the influence of "buy"; it's just a modified word.

Etymology

(from Greek etymologia - truth + logic)

1) the origin of the word (applies to concepts that have arisen in the scientific language);

2) a branch of linguistics that studies the original word-formation structure of a word and reveals the elements of its ancient meaning.

Beginnings of modern natural science. Thesaurus. - Rostov-on-Don V.N. Savchenko, V.P. Smagin 2006

Etymology etymol ogiya, -i (section of linguistics that studies the origin of words)

Russian word stress. - M.: ENAS. M.V. Zarva. 2001 .

etymology

ETYMOLOGY -and; and.[from Greek. etymon - truth, the basic meaning of the word and logos - teaching]

1. A branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words, their initial structure and semantic connections.

2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Unclear e. the words. Determine the etymology of the word. folk e. (specialist.; alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word of the native language based on the association of meanings, for example: melkoscope - Leskov's microscope).

This edition of M. Fasmer's Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language is the first experience of translating such books into Russian. Compared with the usual translation of scientific books, this translation is associated with some specific difficulties. The "Dictionary" was compiled in difficult wartime conditions, as the author himself says in his preface, and which also cannot be ignored. Considering all these circumstances, the editors, when preparing the Dictionary by M. Fasmer for the Russian edition, considered it necessary to carry out the following work.

The author published his dictionary for a relatively long time in separate editions. Almost every one of them evoked numerous responses and reviews, in which the observed inaccuracies or controversial interpretations were pointed out, additions were made, and sometimes new etymologies. Everything that the author considered necessary to take into account from these remarks, he collected in an extensive addition, placed at the end of the dictionary. When translating, all the author's additions, clarifications and corrections are included directly in the text of the Dictionary, and inclusions of this nature are not marked or highlighted in any way. The translator also provided the "Dictionary" with some additions, gleaned from publications that appeared after the publication of the work of M. Fasmer, and partly from rare (mainly Russian) editions that were inaccessible to the author for technical reasons. In addition, N. Trubachev included a number of additions to the dictionary, which are in the nature of scientific comments and new etymologies. All the translator's additions are enclosed in square brackets and marked with the letter T. Editor's notes are also enclosed in square brackets. They are marked "Ed." Without any mark in square brackets, only editorial clarifications related to geographical names are given, for example: “in [former] Smolensk province.”

When working on the "Dictionary" by M. Fasmer, not all etymologized words were translated. Naturally, for Russian It makes no sense for the reader to determine the meanings of all Russian words, as the author did when he compiled his dictionary for the German reader. Therefore, in this translation, definitions of the meanings of words of the national Russian language are omitted, but Fasmer's interpretations of rarer, obsolete and regional words are preserved. This last one, as well as the determination of the meanings of the parallels from other languages ​​given in the articles, required a lot of additional work from the editors. M. Vasmer, for obvious reasons, widely attracted Russian research, containing not only Russian, but also Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Baltic and other materials. At the same time, he translated the meanings of words given in the sources into German. With the usual polysemy of words, the reverse translation of meanings (in particular, those contained in Dahl and in regional dictionaries) from German into Russian or the interpretation of meanings, for example, Turkic words, through the third (German) language could lead to a direct distortion of the semasiological component in establishing the etymology of the studied words. In order to avoid this mistake, the editors subjected the definitions of the meanings of Russian and Turkic examples to a complete check, reducing them to those given in the sources. As for language examples from all other languages, their meaning was determined in most cases by the corresponding dictionaries. At the same time, the spelling of non-Russian examples was checked (or their compliance with modern writing standards), as well as the correctness of the references. The following examples testify to the need for this work: by the way disorderly M. Vasmer, referring to Gordlevsky (OLYa, 6, 326), cites: “and a Turk. alyp ari". In fact, Gordlevsky: “Turk. alp är". In the dictionary entry for the word buzluk, M. Vasmer cites Turkm with reference to Radlov. boz meaning "ice". In fact, Radlov's boz means "gray" (buz "ice"), which also corresponds to modern Turkmen usage. In the dictionary entry, the word ashug is referred to by Radlov: Radlov 1, 595. The reference is incorrect, it should be: Radlov 1, 592. The correction of all such inaccuracies in the text of the Dictionary is not marked with any marks.

Finally, it should be pointed out that the editors, having in mind a fairly wide contingent of readers, considered it necessary to remove several dictionary entries, which can be the subject of consideration only for narrow scientific circles.

Reconciliation with Russian sources was carried out by L.A. Gindin and M.A. Oborina, and with Turkic sources - by JI. G. Ofrosimova-Serova.

Foreword

The long and fruitful scientific activity of M. Vasmer was strictly sustained in its purposefulness. Most of his research was devoted to lexicology in its various branches: the study of borrowings in Russian from the Greek language, the study of Iranian-Slavic lexical relations, the analysis of the toponymy of Eastern Europe of Baltic and then Finnish origin, Greek elements in the Turkish dictionary, etc.

The consistent completion of these private studies was the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language.

If the vocabulary (registry of words) of the etymological dictionary is not limited to arbitrary selection and widely covers the vocabulary of the language, then it reflects the multifaceted culture of the people - the creator of the language, its centuries-old history and its wide ties (between tribes in antiquity and international - in modern times). In order to correctly understand the most complex in terms of composition and origin of the vocabulary of such a language as Russian, it is not enough to know many languages, you need a wide awareness of its history and dialectology, and in addition, of the history of the people and their ethnography; direct acquaintance with ancient monuments is also necessary - the language sources not only of the Russian language, but also of its neighbors. Finally, it is necessary to master the huge scientific literature on Slavic lexicology.

It is beyond the power of one person to go through and master this whole circle. Now it is clear to everyone that at a high scientific level the task of a modern etymological dictionary can be performed only by a team of linguists, in which specialists in all philologies related to each language are represented. But M. Vasmer, like many other etymologists of the past and our century, undertook to solve this problem alone. A daring plan is characteristic of this outstanding scientist.

At the beginning of our century, a rather successful attempt at the sole preparation of an etymological dictionary of the Russian language was made by the Russian scientist A. Preobrazhensky. Having collected and summed up scattered sketches on the etymology of Russian words in his still very useful etymological dictionary, he only added here and there his materials and cautious criticisms.

M. Vasmer included in his dictionary not only the etymological hypotheses of his predecessors, but also the results of his own research, which took a very prominent place there. The great experience and erudition of the author provided in many cases a convincing, acceptable solution of controversies within the areas of interaction between Russian and neighboring languages ​​well studied by him. However, sometimes inaccuracies, errors and even unjustified comparisons appear in M. Fasmer's dictionary. This is observed most often when Fasmer interprets the dictionary reflections of Russian-Turkic and Russian-Finno-Ugric relations. The first was noted by E. V. Sevortyan in his review of M. Fasmer's dictionary. In the same way, B. A. Serebrennikov pointed out Fasmer's mistakes in etymologies based on the material of the Eastern Finnish languages. There are also blunders in the use of Baltic material. I will confine myself to one example. About a hundred years ago, Bezzenberger, in a marginal gloss of the Lithuanian translation of the Bretkunan Bible, misinterpreted the word darbas as Laubwerk ‘leaf braid’, which served as the basis for I. Zubaty’s erroneous comparison of this word with Belarusian dorob'basket'. M. Vasmer, without checking with authoritative dictionaries, repeated this untenable etymology (see E. Frenkel's explanation in the second edition of his Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, p. 82). The word darbas never had such a meaning in old monuments, nor in the modern literary language, nor in Lithuanian dialects, but meant ‘work, work; work, product.

Some of the reviewers (for example, Ο. N. Trubachev) credit M. Vasmer with the inclusion of dialect vocabulary and onomastics. But in this direction, M. Vasmer took only the first step: from the huge, available even in published works of the dialectal stock of "non-literary words" and the no less immense stock of local names and personal names, he included only some part. In addition, as the reviews that have appeared and the reconciliation undertaken by the editors show, it was in dialect and toponymic etymologies that he made the most inaccuracies.

As for the creation of an etymological dictionary of all Russian (and even more so East Slavic) toponymy and hydronymy, this task is not yet possible to solve. This will require many decades of preparatory work by a whole team, the creation of complete corpus of critically selected material of personal names and local names, which we do not yet have at our disposal. Therefore, the composition of the onomastic part of the dictionary by M. Fasmer, naturally, causes some critical remarks. It is fair to note, however, that the author gave a number of successful articles, such as, for example, the articles Don, Danube, Moscow, Siberia. However, the current state of the study of these problems has led to the fact that in the dictionary of M. Fasmer there are both random and less successful articles in terms of selection and scientific interpretation, such as, for example, Baikanavfield and etc.

The weakest side of M. Fasmer's dictionary is its semantic definitions and comparisons. Indirectly, he himself admitted this in the afterword to the third volume of the dictionary. Here is one example:

I. 137: " Bahmur‘nausea, dizziness’, Nizhnegor.-Makaryevsk. (Dal). I understand how the phrase with gloomy‘cloud, darkness’. The first part is probably an interjection bah!, therefore, originally: "what a darkness!" Wed likewise Kaluga, Kaluga from puddle["What a puddle!"].

The last thing to warn everyone who will use the dictionary is M. Fasmer's exaggeration of the German influence on the vocabulary of the Russian language, especially German mediation when borrowing European cultural terms, often coming directly from Dutch, French, Italian or Latin. See, for example, articles: admiral, adyu, actuary, altar, pineapple, anise, profile, argument, barge, barricade, bason, basta and many others. It is characteristic that there are almost no entries in the dictionary about ancient Slavic personal proper names, such as Kupava, Oslyabya, Ratmir, Milica, Miroslava and others, while M. Vasmer found it necessary to give the etymology of personal names of Germanic origin, such as Sveneld, Rogvolod and under.

In the process of editing the dictionary, the editors found and eliminated a large number of M. Vasmer's oversights in references to sources, in incorrect spellings and interpretations of words from little-known languages. Fixed inaccuracies in quotations, incorrect accentuation of some dialect words, etc.

The publication of the Russian edition of M. Fasmer's dictionary will be of great importance, not only because it contains a summary of etymological studies of Russian vocabulary 8a over the past half century (including foreign works little known to us), but also because the very fact of publishing the Etymological Dictionary M. Fasmer, apparently, will revitalize domestic etymological studies, refresh the general interest in the history of the native language, and help to revise many traditional techniques and methods of etymological reconstructions. Much has already been said about the practical value of this book as a useful reference book, it is beyond doubt.

Prof. V. A. Larin

Author's Preface

I dreamed of compiling an "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" as the main goal of my scientific activity during the first studies on the influence of the Greek language on Slavic (1906-1909). The shortcomings of early work prompted me to further study Slavic antiquities more intensively, as well as most of the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the peoples neighboring the Slavs. At the same time, the works of F. Kluge drew my attention to the need for a preliminary study of Russian professional languages, which gave me a reason already in 1910 to do a lot of work on collecting materials on the language of the Russian Ofenes. I hoped that during this time the publication of the excellent Slavic Etymological Dictionary by E. Bernecker and the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by A. Preobrazhensky would also be completed, which would facilitate my further experiments in this direction. Only in 1938, while in New York, did I begin to work systematically on a Russian etymological dictionary, decades later, during which I made only random extracts intended for this purpose. When a significant part of the dictionary had already been prepared, a bomb hit (January 1944) deprived me not only of this and other manuscripts, but of my entire library. It soon became clear to me that after the war I should concentrate all my efforts on the dictionary, if at all, continue to work according to the planned plan. The file cabinet was lost, but I could count on the rich collection of books of the Berlin Slavic Institute.

But, unfortunately, after 1945 I have no opportunity to use this library. At the moment I don't have a good university library at my disposal either. Under these conditions, the work could not turn out the way I imagined it in my youth. It is based on extracts that I collected during the hungry years of 1945-1947. in empty Berlin libraries and later, during my two-year studies in the libraries of Stockholm (1947-1949). Many gaps that are obvious to me, I cannot now fill. I decided, yielding to the persuasion of my students, to prepare the dictionary for publication, as far as it is feasible under modern conditions. The decisive role was played by the conviction that in the near future, in the present state of the Slavic libraries, hardly anyone in Germany would be able to offer more comprehensive material.

Lack of space does not allow me, unfortunately, to give here a long list of people who have tried to help me out with books. Colleagues O. Brock, D. Chizhevsky, R. Ekblom, J. Endzelin, J. Kalima, L. Kettunen, V. Kiparsky, K. Knutsson, V. Mahek, A. Mazon, G. Mladenov gave me great help , D. Moravcik, H. Pedersen, F. Ramovsh, J. Stanislav, D. A. Seip, Chr. Stang and B. Unbegaun. Of my students, I am especially grateful for the books presented to me by E. Dickenman, W. Fire, R. Olesh, H. Schroeder and M. Voltner.

Those who know the USSR will be surprised by the presence in my book of such old names as, for example, Nizhny Novgorod (now Gorky), Tver (instead of Kalinin), etc. Since the linguistic material used by me was drawn mainly from old editions, the basis of which the administrative division of tsarist Russia was established, the change of names threatened with inaccuracy in determining the geography of words, and references like "Gorky" would entail mixing the city of Gorky with the writer Gorky. Thus, the old names are used here only to avoid misunderstandings.

I am especially grateful to my colleague G. Krae for his kind interest in my dictionary during its publication. My student G. Breuer helped me in the difficult reading of proofs, for which I also express my heartfelt thanks to him.

M. Vasmer

Author's afterword

Since the beginning of September 1945, I have been completely absorbed in compiling this dictionary. At the same time, I was more interested in sources than in linguistic theories. Therefore, I cannot understand how one of my reviewers could claim that I "could not draw my material directly from the sources" (Lingua Posnaniensis, V, p. 187). I can only ask the reader to check for himself, while reading my dictionary, how true this statement is, and in doing so, also pay attention to my list of abbreviations.

Until June 1949, I was only collecting material. I then set about editing the manuscript, which continued until the end of 1956. The literature on etymology that came out after 1949 was so extensive that, unfortunately, I could not use it completely. A complete reworking of the latest literature would delay the completion of the work and, given my age, might even cast doubt on its successful completion.

I am aware of the shortcomings of my presentation. Particularly unsatisfactory is their knowledge of the Russian dictionary of the 16th and 17th centuries. But at the same time, I ask you to keep in mind that even such a work as F. Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, which has been an example for me for half a century, deepened the history of the word in the proper sense only gradually, from edition to edition. I marked the first occurrence of the word with the indications “for the first time at ...” or “(starting) from ...” If I have written a horn (Gogol), Burmese(eg, Krylov), etc., such references do not mean that I consider these particular cases to be the oldest, as some of my reviewers have decided.

My original intention was to include the most important personal and local names as well. When I saw that the material was growing to an alarming size, I began to limit and decided to process personal names separately. Many of them have been so little studied that a parsimonious interpretation of them would hardly be convincing. The need to limit the volume of the dictionary also did not give me the opportunity to trace in detail the spread of Russian borrowings in neighboring languages, because then Russian borrowings would have to be taken into account not only in the Baltic and Polish languages, but also in the Finno-Ugric languages. Nevertheless, the most important of them for the history of the language are presented to me.

From modern vocabulary, I tried to reflect the words found in the best writers of the 19th century, which, unfortunately, are far from completely represented even by large dictionaries. Dialect words were included in quite a large number, because they reflect regional differences and often, as relic words from the language of the displaced population, can shed light on the ethnic relationships of the prehistoric and early historical era. Various references to correlative words are easier to see in a printed dictionary than in a manuscript, especially if the latter is large in volume, as in this case. If I had to prepare a new edition, the number of references to different articles in it would increase, and indications of the first occurrence of the word would be much more common. From the Old Russian language, words of interest in linguistic and cultural-historical terms are included.

In "Supplements" I have corrected the most important misprints I have noticed so far and expressed my attitude to some of the comments of my reviewers. An exhaustive analysis of other points of view that have appeared during this time would require too much space.

In the hard work with proofreading, my student and friend G. Breuer gave me great help. For constant assistance in technical preparation, I am grateful to Mrs. R. Greve-Siegman, for compiling the index of words - to her and R. Richardt.

Many of the wishes expressed in the reviews of my dictionary will undoubtedly be useful for the subsequent Russian etymological dictionary, in which special attention should be paid to the numerous words called obscure here. If I had to start the work again, I would pay more attention to the tracing papers and the semasiological side.

The index of words acquired such a large size that it was necessary to refuse to include the compared words of the Slavic languages ​​and Western European words that underlie late cultural borrowings.

M. Vasmer

Berlin-Nikolaev, April 1957

The Russian language makes native speech more figurative and richer. Already known words do not lag behind the new ones - they can gradually change their meaning, giving them new shades of meanings. Our speech is a living organism that carefully cuts off dying and inactive particles from itself, growing in new, fresh and necessary words. And to understand the meaning of new words, you need an etymological dictionary. Its functions, structure and meaning are described below.

Definition

What is an etymological dictionary? First of all, the halls of ancient libraries with cobweb-covered tomes come to mind. But at present, thanks to the Internet, the etymological dictionary of the Russian language is available to the widest circles of the population. You can use it at any time.

The answer to the question of what an etymological dictionary is is contained in the definition. Such dictionaries determine the origin and history of various words. Many words are of non-Slavic origin, their original meaning is sometimes quite far from the generally accepted one. Even the word "etymology" is of foreign origin. This term is borrowed from the Greek language and consists of two parts: in translation, etymos means “truth”, logos means “word”. The combination of these two concepts means "truth about words." Already one designation gives an idea of ​​what etymology does and what an etymological dictionary is. In general, such a dictionary is a list of words of foreign or Russian origin, each of which has its own history and interpretation.

History of etymology

Attempts to explain the meaning of words appeared long before the spread of writing, fragments of the writings of the Sumerian, ancient Egyptian, Akkadian sages have come down to us, in which they explained the meanings of the words of their native language. And already in those distant times there were words that were older than the most ancient civilizations, the origin of which, most likely, will remain unexplained.

Over the centuries, languages ​​and countries have been mixed, absorbed and disappeared, reviving new words to life. But there were always people who collected the surviving bits of speech and tried to interpret them. The first etymological dictionary included several words and set phrases. Later, the vocabulary expanded, and each separate part of speech was chosen for its own interpretation.

Russian words

The first official etymological dictionary of the Russian language was published in 1835. But long before that, attempts were made to explain the meaning and origin of words. So, Lev Uspensky in his wonderful book “A Word about Words” quotes Feofany Prokopovich's phrase that compiling a dictionary - "Making a lexicon" - is a difficult and painstaking task. Even just collecting all the words of the literary language, separating them from special terms, dialects, and dialects is overwork. Although many enthusiasts put many years of their lives in order to collect the words of their native language into one etymological dictionary.

First dictionaries

History has preserved the names of the first enthusiasts, collectors of the Russian word. They were F. S. Shimkevich, K. F. Reiff, M. M. Izyumov, N. V. Goryaev, A. N. Chudino and others. The first etymological dictionary of the Russian language in its modern form was published at the beginning of the 20th century. Its compilers were a group of linguists led by Professor A.G. Preobrazhensky. Under the title "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" it was reprinted several times, with changes and additions. The last known edition dates from 1954.

The most cited etymological dictionary was compiled by M. Vasmer. The book was first published in 1953. Despite numerous linguistic works published later by Russian linguists, the Fasmer Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language is considered the most authoritative publication of this kind.

How words are learned

The language of every people on earth is like a river - it is constantly changing and acquiring new forms. Each of us has noticed how gradually new, borrowed or modified words and whole phrases enter the spoken language. At the same time, obsolete and rarely used concepts are leaving - “washed out” of the language. The forms of composing words are also transformed - sometimes sentences become simpler, sometimes they become heavier with additional constructions that make speech more figurative and expressive.

Interpretation of words

Explaining words is not an easy task. The study of a single word involves not only a list of its interpretations in the past and present, but also looks for the roots of words that are similar in sound or spelling, explores possible ways of transition of individual terms from one language to another. The historical and etymological dictionary will tell about the historical transformations taking place with various words of the Russian language. It focuses on how the various meanings of a given word change over time. There is also a brief etymological dictionary - it usually indicates a brief description of the word and its probable origin.

A few examples

What is an etymological dictionary, let's look at a few examples. Everyone is familiar with the word "entrant". The etymological dictionary of the Russian language explains that this linguistic unit has German roots. But in the language of the Germans the word came from Latin. In the language of the ancient Romans, it meant "leaving." Almost the same meaning was given to the word in German. But modern Russian speech gives the "applicant" a completely different meaning. Today, this is the name of a person who comes to a higher educational institution. The etymological dictionary also indicates derivatives of this word - entrant, entrant. Studies show that the fewer adjectives and the later this linguistic unit entered Russian speech. The birth of the Russian "entrant" did not occur before the beginning of the 19th century.

Perhaps those words that we are accustomed to consider Russian have a less interesting biography? Here, for example, is the familiar and familiar word "heel". It is not necessary to explain it, it exists in all Slavic languages, it is also found in ancient Russian texts. But scientists are still researching the history of this word, and there is still no unequivocal opinion about the origin of the "heel". Some derive it from the common Slavic root "bow", which means "bend, elbow." Other scientists insist on the Turkic version - in the languages ​​of the Tatars and Mongols, "kaab" meant "heel". The etymological dictionary impartially gives both versions of the origin of the “heel” on its pages, leaving the right of choice to its readers.

Consider another familiar word - "sneak". So we call headphones and scammers. At present, "sneak" is a well-known curse, but once upon a time a man-sneak lived in respect and honor. It turns out that in Russia public accusers were called that - at present such a position is occupied by prosecutors. The word has Old Norse roots. Interestingly, in other Slavic languages ​​(except Russian and Ukrainian) it is not used.

Results

The value of the etymological dictionary is difficult to overestimate. If the interpretation of individual words is known, it is easier to understand all the nuances of its meaning. The etymological dictionary will make its reader more literate, because often the correct spelling in Russian is checked by the selection of words with the same root.

In addition, the Russian language is very sensitive to various borrowings. The words of German, English, French are found in it in a slightly modified form, the correctness of which can be checked with the same dictionary. There is no need to explain what the etymological dictionary means to students of humanitarian universities, journalists, translators, teachers of literature. To all those whose work is connected with the word. For them, an etymological dictionary is a necessary tool in their work.

Like many other scientific words, it was formed using the Greek stems etymo(n) "true meaning" and logos "learning".

Watch value etymology in other dictionaries

False etymology- the same as folk etymology.

Folk etymology- (false etymology) - understanding the morphological composition of the word and motivating its meaning on the basis of convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Folk etymology- - everyday, not associated with special historical linguistic knowledge and training, explanation of the origin of words; e.g. lat. by origin "proletarian" ........
Psychological Encyclopedia

ETYMOLOGY- ETYMOLOGY, -i, f. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology........
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

ETYMOLOGY— ETYMOLOGY, etymologies, f. (from Greek etymos - true and logos - teaching) (lingu.). 1. only units Department of linguistics that studies the origin of words. Etudes on Russian etymology. 2. Most........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Etymology- and. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a word or expression in terms of its relationship with other words or expressions of this and other languages
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Etymological dictionary

Etymological dictionary is a dictionary containing information about the history of individual words, and sometimes morphemes, that is, information about the phonetic and semantic changes that they have undergone. Large explanatory dictionaries may also contain notes on the etymology of words. Since the origin of many words does not lend itself to an exact unambiguous definition, etymological dictionaries record different points of view and contain references to the relevant literature.

The tradition of compiling etymologies of individual words originates in antiquity, but etymological dictionaries in the modern sense of the word appeared only at the end of the 18th century. Their predecessors in the 17th century were the Etymologicalum of the Latin language (lat. Etymologicum linguae Latinae) Vossius (1662), Etymology of the English language (lat. Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae: Seu Explicatio Vocum Anglicarum Etymologica Ex Proprils Fontibus Scil. Ex Linguis Duodecim ) Stephen Skinner (1671). After the establishment in the XIX century. laws of regular sound changes, the compilation of etymological dictionaries has become one of the important tasks of specialists working in the field of comparative historical linguistics.

In Russia, the first attempts occur in the 19th century: F.S. Shimkevich ( The root word of the Russian language, compared with all the main Slavic dialects and with twenty-four foreign languages. At 2 o'clock - St. Petersburg. : Typ. Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1842. - 186 + 165 p.), M. M. Izyumov ( The experience of the dictionary of the Russian language in comparison with the Indo-European languages: in 4 departments: for students in gymnasiums of the Ministry of Education. - St. Petersburg. : Ed. bookseller N. A. Shigin, 1880. - LXXXII, 598, p.), N. V. Goryaev ( Experience of a comparative etymological dictionary of the literary Russian language. - Tiflis: Printing Office of the Office of the Chief Civilian Unit in the Caucasus, Loris-Melikovskaya St., government house, 1892. - III, 256, XXXVI p.; Comparative etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - 2nd ed. - Tiflis: Typography office. Chief gr. hours in the Caucasus, Loris-Melik. y. House Kaz., 1896. - 4, 452, XL, LXII p.; Towards a Comparative Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language (1896 ed.). Additions and amendments. - Tiflis: [B.i.], 1901. - 4, 63 p.; Etymological explanations of the most difficult and mysterious words in the Russian language: new additions and corrections to a comparative etymological dictionary of the Russian language (Tiflis, 1896). - Tiflis: [B.i.], 1905. - 4, 53 p.) tried to put together their etymological research; the work of A. Kh. Vostokov remained in the manuscript - with a huge number of words, according to the estimates of I. I. Sreznevsky, approximately 40 sheets of small typesetting. At the beginning of the 20th century, there appeared « » A. G. Preobrazhensky .

The most authoritative etymological dictionary of the Russian language was considered "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" M. Vasmer (1953-1958). In 1993, the "Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by P. Ya. Chernykh became available to the general reader and linguists.

Some etymological dictionaries include information on groups of languages ​​and contain reconstructions of the parent language's vocabulary and its contacts with other reconstructed parent languages.

List of etymological dictionaries of the modern Russian language

The main etymological dictionaries of the Russian language

• Preobrazhensky A. G. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. In 3 t.
• Vasmer, Max. Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. bd. 1-3 / Indogermanische Bibliothek herausgegeben von Hans Krahe. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher. - Heidelberg: Carl Winter; Universitätsverlag, 1953-1958. - 755+715+702pp.
  • Fasmer M. Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language. In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - M .: Progress, 1964-1973.
  • Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M .: Progress, 1986-1987.
  • Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In 4 vols. / Per. with him. O. N. Trubacheva. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka - Terra, 1996. - T. I - 576 p.; T. II - 672 pages; T. III - 832 p.; T. IV - 864 c.
  • Fasmer M. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 vols. / Per. with him = Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch / Translation and additions by O. N. Trubachev. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M .: Astrel - AST, 2004-2007.
• Etymological dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. N. M. Shansky. Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1963-2007-. (publishing continues, 10 issues published on A-M)
• Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language. In 2 volumes - 3rd ed. - M .: Russian language, 1999. (reprinted)
• Anikin A. E. Russian etymological dictionary. - M .: Handwritten monuments of Ancient Russia, 2007-2011-. (publishing continues, 5 issues published before the beginning of the letter B)

Private etymological dictionaries of the Russian language

• Shansky N. M., Ivanov V. V., Shanskaya T. V. Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1961. - 404 p.
  • Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language: a guide for teachers / Shansky N. M. and others; ed. Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences of the USSR S. G. Barkhudarova. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M .: Education, 1971. - 542 p.
  • Brief etymological dictionary of the Russian language: a guide for teachers / Shansky N. M. and others; ed. Corresponding Member Academy of Sciences of the USSR S. G. Barkhudarova. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: Education, 1975. - 543 p.
• Nikonov V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary. - M .: Thought, 1966. - 508 p.
  • Nikonov V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary. - 2nd ed. - M .: Librokom, 2010. - 512 p.
• G. P. Tsyganenko Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - K.: Radyansk school, 1970. - 597 p.
  • G. P. Tsyganenko Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: More than 5,000 words. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional / Ed. N. N. Golubkova. - K. : Radianska school, 1989. - 511 p.
• Matveev A.K. Etymology of Russian dialect words. - Sverdlovsk: UGU, 1978. - 193 p.
• Shansky N. M., Zimin V. I., Filippov A. V. Experience of the etymological dictionary of Russian phraseology. - M .: Rus. yaz., 1987. - 240 p.
• Anikin A. E., Kornilaeva I. A., Mladenov O. M., Mushinskaya M. S., Pichkhadze A. A., Sabenina A. M., Utkin A. A., Chelysheva I. I. From the history of Russian words: Dictionary manual. - M .: School-Press, 1993. - 224 p.
• Shansky N. M., Bobrova T. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - M .: Education, 1994. - 400 p.
• Anikin A. E. Etymological dictionary of Russian dialects of Siberia: Borrowings from the Ural, Altai and Paleoasian languages. - M.; Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2000. - 783 p.
• Anikin A. E. Experience of the Dictionary of Lexical Baltisms in the Russian Language. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2005. - 394 p.
• Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. [For med. and. Art. age]. / Rev. ed. A. V. Yasinovskaya. - M .: Children's literature, 1972. - 223 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. - 2nd ed. - M .:: Children's literature, 1981. - 239 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. - 3rd ed. correct and additional - M .: Russian dictionaries, 1996. - 286 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. - 4th ed. correct and additional - M .: Flint; Science, 2002. - 237, p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. - 5th ed. correct and additional - M .: Flint; Science, 2004. - 237, p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. - 6th ed., corrected. - M .: Flint; Nauka, 2006. - 240 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. - 7th ed., Rev. - M .: Flinta, Nauka, 2009. - 240 p.
  • Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames: a popular etymological dictionary. - 7th ed., Rev. stereotypical. - M .: Flinta, Nauka, 2009. - 240 p.
• Krylov P. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Comp. Krylov P. A. - St. Petersburg. : LLC "Polygraph services", 2005. - 432 p.
  • Krylov P. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Comp. Krylov P. A. - St. Petersburg. : Victoria plus, 2009. - 432 p.
• Ruth M. E. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2007. - 345 p.
  • Ruth M. E. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria; Vladimir: VKT, 2008. - 288 p.
  • Ruth M. E. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language for schoolchildren. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria; Vladimir: VKT, 2009. - 304 p.
• Anikin A. E. Russian Etymological Dictionary (Project). - M .: Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradov RAN, 2007. - 71 p.
• Shetelya V. M. Historical and etymological dictionary of Polonisms in Russian texts of the 19th-20th centuries. - M .: MGOU, 2007. - 295 p.
• Shelepova L. I. (ed.), Gamayunova Yu. I., Zlobina T. I., Kamova I. M., Rygalina M. G., Sorokina M. O. Historical and etymological dictionary of Russian dialects of Altai. - Barnaul: Alt. un-ta, 2007-. (The publication continues, issues 1-3 (A-Z) have been published, brought to - perish)
• Grachev M. A., Mokienko V. M. Historical and etymological dictionary of thieves' jargon. - St. Petersburg. : Folio-Press, 2000. - 256 p.
• Grachev M. A., Mokienko V. M. Russian jargon. Historical and etymological dictionary. - M .: AST - Press Book, 2009. - 336 p.
• Birikh A. K., Mokienko V. M., Stepanova L. I. Russian phraseology. Historical and etymological dictionary / Ed. V. M. Mokienko. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M .: AST, Astrel, Keeper, 2005. - 704 p.
• Shapovalova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Under the total. ed. A. Sitnikova. - 2nd ed. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2007. - 240 p. - (Dictionaries)
  • Shapovalova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Under the total. ed. A. Sitnikova. - 4th ed. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008. - 240 p. - (Dictionaries)
  • Shapovalova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. / Under the total. ed. A. Sitnikova. - 5th ed. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2009. - 240 p. - (Dictionaries)
• Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. - LadKom, 2008. - 608 p.
• Fedorova T. L., Shcheglova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: 60 thousand words. - Junves, 2010. - 608 p.
  • Fedorova T. L., Shcheglova O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language: 60 thousand words. - 2nd ed. - LadKom, 2012. - 607 p.
• Glinkina L. A. Modern etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Explaining difficult spellings. - M .: AST, Astrel, VKT, 2009. - 384 p. - (Modern Dictionary)
• Shaposhnikov A. K. Etymological dictionary of the modern Russian language: In 2 volumes - M .: Flint, Nauka, 2010. - 583 p. + 576 p.
• Belkin M. V., Rumyantsev I. A. Etymological dictionary of the Russian language in tabular form. - M .: Flinta, 2011. - 784 p.

List of etymological dictionaries (other languages)

Dictionaries by language groups

Indo-European languages

• Walde A. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen. / Hrsg. von J. Pokorny. I-III. - Berlin, 1928.
• Buck C.D. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. - Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. - 416 p.
• Buck C.D. A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. - 2nd ed. - Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. - 416 p.
• Carnoy A.J. Dictionnaire étymologique du proto-indo-européen. - Louvain: Institut orientaliste, 1955. - Pp. XII + 224. 250 fr.
• Pokorny J. Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. bd. 1-2. - Bern; Munich, 1959-1965. 2nd ed. Bern; Stuttgart, 1989.
• Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen. /Ed. Rix H. et al. Wiesbaden, 1998. 2 Aufl. 2001. 823 p.
• Trubachev O. N., Shaposhnikov A. K. Etymological dictionary of language relics of Indoarica // Trubachev O. N. Indoarica in the Northern Black Sea region. Reconstruction of language relics. Etymological dictionary. - M .: Nauka, 1999. - 320 p.
• Lexikon der indogermanischen Nomina. / Hrsg. D. S. Wodtko, B. S. Irslinger, C. Schneider. - Heidelberg: Universitaetsverlag Winter, 2008. - 995 p.

Slavic languages

• Miklosich F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. - Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller, 1886. - 549 p.
  • Miklosich F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. - Amsterdam: Philo Press, 1970. - viii, 547 p.
  • Miklosich F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slavischen Sprachen. - Charleston, South Carolina U.S.: Nabu Press, 2011. - viii, 562 p.
• Berneker E. Slavisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. I-II. - Heldelberg, 1913-1915. 2nd ed. 1924.
• Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Sv. I-V. - Prague, 1973-1995.
• Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Word grammaticka a zajmena. / Sest. F. Kopečny , V. Šaur, V. Polák. - Prague, 1973-1980.
• Etymologický slovník slovanských jazyků. Decide custom. - Brno, 1966.
• Słownik prasłowianski, pod red. F. Sławskiego, t. 1-8. - Wrocław-, 1974-2001. (volumes published on A-Gy)
• Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages. Proto-Slavic lexical fund. / Ed. O. N. Trubacheva (1974-2002), A. F. Zhuravlev (2002-2011). - M .: Nauka, 1963 [Prospect. Prob. Art.], 1974-2011-. (publication continues, 37 issues published, brought to *otаpasti)
• Lauchyute Yu. A. Dictionary of Baltisms in Slavic languages. - L.: Nauka, 1982. 210 p.
• Derksen R. Etymological dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 4. - Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. - 726 p.

Iranian languages

• Rastorgueva V. S., Edelman D. I. Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages. - M .: Eastern literature, 2000-2011-. (started, 4 volumes published)
• Cheung J. Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 2. - Leiden: Brill, 2007. - 600 p.

Germanic languages

• Levitsky V.V. Etymological Dictionary of German Languages. T. 1-3. Chernivtsi: Ruta, 2000.
• Kroonen G. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 11. Leiden: Brill, 2010. 1000 p.
• Heidermann F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. 719 p.

Celtic languages

• Kalygin V.P. Etymological dictionary of Celtic theonyms / V. P. Kalygin; [res. ed. K. G. Krasukhin]; Institute of Linguistics RAS. - M .: Nauka, 2006. - 183 p.
• Matasovic R. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 9. Leiden: Brill, 2009. 458 p.

Romance languages

• Diez F. Ch. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen. 1st ed. 1853. (engl. trans. 1864) vol. 1-2. Bonn, 1869-1870. 4th ed. Bonn, 1878.
• Meyer-Lubke W. Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1911, 3 Aufl., Hdlb., 1935.

Other Nostratic languages

Uralic languages

• Collider B. Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary. An etymological dictionary of the Uralic languages. Stockholm, 1955.
• Redei, Karoly. Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch / Unter mitarbeit von M. Bakró-Nagy et al. I-III. Wiesbaden, 1986-1991.

Altaic languages

• Starostin S. A. , Dybo A. V. , Mudrak O. A. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, 3 Vol. - Leiden; Boston: Brill Academic Pub, 2003. - 2106 p. (Handbuch Der Orientalistik - Part 8: Uralic & Central Asian Studies, 8)
• Tsintsius V.I. Comparative dictionary of the Tungus-Manchu languages. Materials for the etymological dictionary. In 2 volumes - L .: Nauka, 1975-1977.

Turkic languages

• Clauson G. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. - London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
• Rasanen M. Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. 2 vol. - Helsinki: Suomalais-ugriainen seura, 1969-1971. - (Lexica Societatis FennoUgricae XVII, 1)
• Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages: General Turkic and Inter-Turkic Foundations. / Comp. E. V. Sevortyan, L. S. Levitskaya, A. V. Dybo, V. I. Rassadin - M .: Nauka; Eastern Literature, 1974-2003-. (publication continues, for 2003 7 volumes were published)

Dravidian languages

• Burrow T ., Emeneau M. B. A Dravidian etymological dictionary. Oxford, 1961. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1986. XLI, 823 p.

Kartvelian languages

• Klimov G. A. Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages. - M .: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1964. - 309 p.
• Klimov G.A. Etymological dictionary of the Kartvelian languages. - Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1998. (expanded edition)
• Etymological dictionary of Kartvelian languages ​​/ Heinz Fenrich, Zurab Sarjveladze. - Tbilisi: Tbil Publishing House. un-ta, 1990. - 618, p., 2nd supplement. ed - Tbilisi, 2000. (in Georgian)
• Fahnrich H., Sardshweladse S., Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Kartwel-Sprachen. - Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995. - 682 p.
• Fahnrich H. Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007. - 876 p.

Afroasian languages

• Militarev A. , Kogan L. Semitic etymological dictionary. Vol. I-II. Münster, 2000-2005-. (publication in progress)
• Orel V., Stolbova O. Hamito-Semitic etymological dictionary. Leiden; N.Y.; Koln, 1995.
• Leslaw W. Etymological dictionary of Gurage (Ethiopic). I-III. Wiesbaden, 1979.

Non-Nostratic languages ​​of Eurasia

Austronesian languages

• C. D. Grijns et al. (eds). Loan words in Indonesian and Malay. - Leiden: KITLV Press, 2007. - vli, 360 p.

North Caucasian languages

• Nikolayev S. L. , Starostin S. A. A North-Caucasian etymological dictionary. 2 Vol. - Moscow: Asterisk Publishers, 1994.
• Shagirov A.K. Etymological dictionary of the Adyghe (Circassian) languages. In 2 volumes / USSR Academy of Sciences. Institute of Linguistics. - M .: Nauka, 1977.

Chukchi-Kamchatka languages

• Mudrak O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Chukchi-Kamchatka languages. - M .: Yaz. Russian culture, 2000. - 284, p.

Amerindian macro hypothesis

• Ruhlen M. , Greenberg J. H. An Amerind Etymological dictionary. Stanford UP, 2007. 311 p.

Separate groups

• Rensch, Calvin R. An Etymological Dictionary of the Chinantec Languages, Arlington, Texas. 1989.
• Kuipers A.H. Salish etymological dictionary. - Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana, 2002. - 240 p. (Occasional papers in linguistics, vol. 16 (UMOPL 16))

Dictionaries of ancient languages

Indo-European languages

Hittite

• Juret A. Vocabulaire étymologique de la langue hittite. Limoges, 1942.
• Kronasser H. Etymologie der hethitischen Sprache. Wiesbaden. 4 Bde. 1962-1966.
• Tischler J. Hethitisch etymologisches Glossary. bd. 1-3 (fasc. 1-10). Innsbruck, 1977-1994. (3 volumes published in letters A-T)
• Puhvel J. Hittite etymological dictionary. Berlin; N. Y., 1984-2007- (7 volumes published)
• Kloekhorst A. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 5 Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. 1162 p.

Old Indian language (Vedic and Sanskrit)

• Mayrhofer M. Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen, Bd 1-4. - Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1956-1980.
• Mayrhofer M. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. bd. I-III. - Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1986-2001.

Ancient Greek

• Boisacq E. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Étudiée dans ses rapports avec les autres langues indo-européens. 2nd ed. Heidelberg; Paris, 1923.
• Hofmann J.B. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen. Min., 1950.
• Frisk H. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. bd. 1-3. Heidelberg, 1954-1972.
• Frisk H. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, 1960-1972
• Chantrain P. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. T.I-IV. Paris, 1968-1980.
• Regnaud P.
• Beekes R.S.P., van Beek L. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 10 Leiden: Brill, 2009-2010

Latin and other Italic languages

• de Vaan M.A.S.. Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 7. Brill, 2008. 825 p.
• Breal M., Bailly A. Dictionnaire étymologique Latin. Paris: Hachette, 1906. 463 rubles.
• Ernout A. et Meiilet A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine. Histoire des mots. 4th ed. Paris, 1959.
• Regnaud P. Spécimen d'un dictionnaire étymologique du latin et du grec dans ses rapports avec le latin: d'après la méthode évolutionniste. Chalon-sur-Saone: impr. de F. Bertrand, 1904. 32 p.
• Vanicek, Alois. Griechisch-lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. bd. 1-2. Leipzig: Teubner, 1877.
• Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1 Aufl. - Winter: Heidelberg, 1906
  • Walde A. Lateinisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch. 3 Aufl., bearb. bei Johann B. B. Hoffmann. - Winter: Heidelberg, 1938. 2045 p.
  • Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. bd. 1-3. 4 Aufl. - Winter: Heidelberg, 1965.
  • Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 5 Aufl., bearb. bei Johann B. B. Hoffmann. - 1982
  • Walde A. Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. 6 Aufl., 2 Bande. - 2007-2008.
• Etymological dictionary of the Latin names of plants found in the vicinity of the agricultural biostation of Moscow State University "Chashnikovo". - M .: Publishing House of Moscow University, 1975. 205 p.
• Kaden N. N., Terentyeva N. N. Etymological Dictionary of Scientific Names of Vascular Plants Cultivated and Wild in the USSR. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow University, 1979. 268 p.
• Svetlichnaya E. I., Tolok I. A. Etymological dictionary of Latin botanical names of medicinal plants [Text]: Proc. allowance for students of higher education. textbook institutions / Nat. pharmaceutical un-t. - Kh .: Publishing House of NFAU: Golden Pages, 2003. - 287 p.

Old Welsh

• Falileyev, A.I. Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 2000.

Old Irish

• Vendryes J. Lexique étymologique de l'irlandais ancien. Paris, 1959-1987-. (not completed, vol. A, B, C, M-N-O-P, R-S, T-U, with separate pagination for each letter)

Old Cornish

• Campanile E. Profilo etimologico del corico antico. / Biblioteca dell'Italia dialettale e di studi e saggi linguistici. T. 7. Pisa: Pacini, 1974. 136 p.

Gothic language

• Uhlenbeck S.S. Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch Der Gotischen Sprache. - Amsterdam: Verlag Von Jon. Müller, 1923.
  • Uhlenbeck S.S. Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch Der Gotischen Sprache. - Abdruck. - Biblio Bazaar, 2009.
• Feist S. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Gotischen Sprache. - 2-te auflage. - Halle (Saale), 1923.
• Holthausen F. Gotisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Heidelberg, 1934.
• Lehmann W. P., Hewitt Helen-Jo J. A Gothic etymological dictionary. - Leiden: Brill, 1986.

Old Norse (Old Norse) language

• Jacobsen J. Etymologisk ordbog over det norrøne sprog på Shetland. - København: Vïlhelm Priors kgl. hofboghandel, 1921. - xlviii, 1032, xviiip.
• Holthausen F. Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altwestnordischen, Altnorwegisch-isländischen, einschliesslich der Lehn- und Fremdwörter sowie der Eigennamen. - Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1948. - 368 p.
• Vries J. de. Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Leiden: Brill Archive, 1957-1961. - $689

Old English

• Holthausen F. Altenglisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg, 1934. 3rd ed. Heidelberg, 1974.

Old High German

• Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen / Von Albert L. Lloyd u. Otto Springer. Göttingen; Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Cop. 1988-1998-. (publication in progress)

Old Frisian

• Boutkan D., Siebinga S. M. Old Frisian Etymological Dictionary. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 1. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2005.

Old Slavonic language

• Etymologický slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Českosl. acad. ved. Ust. slavistic; Hl. red.: Eva Havlova. Seš. 1-14-. Praha: Akademie věd České republiky, Ústav pro jazyk český, 1989-2004-. (publication in progress)
• Etymological dictionary of literary geographical names of Pivdenny Rus / Vdp. ed. O. S. Strizhak. - K.: "Naukova Dumka", 1985. - 256 p.

Polab language

• Polański K. , Lehr-Spławiński T. Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich. T.I-VI. - Wroclaw: Wydawn. Energeia. Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich, 1962-1994

Tocharian languages

• Windekens A. J. van. Lexique étimologique des dialectes tokhariens. Louvin, 1941.
• Jörundur Hilmarsson, Materials for a Tocharian Historical and Etymological Dictionary, edited by Alexander Lubotsky and Guðrún Þórhallsdóttir with the assistance of Sigurður H. Pálsson. Reykjavík (Málvísindastofnun Háskola Íslands), 1996.

Afroasian languages

Ancient Egyptian and Coptic languages

• Takacs G. Etymological dictionary of Egypt. Leiden; Brill. 1999-2008-. (3 volumes published in 2007)
• Cerny J. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. cm., 1976.
• Vycichl W. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven, 1983.

Hebrew and Aramaic

• Steinberg O. M. Hebrew and Chaldean etymological dictionary for the books of the Old Testament. T. 1-2. Vilna: Typography of L. L. Mats, 1878-1881. 292 p.

Sino-Tibetan languages

ancient chinese

• Schuessler A. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. 2006. 656 p.

Dictionaries of modern languages

Slavic languages ​​(except Russian)

Ukrainian language

• Rudnyc'kyj J. B. An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language. Part 1-16. - Winnipeg: Ukrainian free Academy of Sciences, 1962-1977.
  • Rudnyc'kyj J. B. An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian language. 2 Vols. - Winnipeg: Ukrainian free Academy of Sciences; Ottawa: Ukrainain Mohylo-Mazepian Academy of Sciences, 1972-1982. - 968 + 1128p.
• Ogienko I. I. (metropolitan Ilarion) Etymological and semantic dictionary of Ukrainian language. Have 4 volumes. / Ed. Y. Mulika-Lutsik. - Vinnipeg: Volin, 1979-1995. - 365 + 400 + 416 + 557 s.
• Etymological dictionary of Ukrainian language. / Head. ed. O. S. MELNICHUK In 7 volumes - K.: "Naukova Dumka", 1982-2012-. (6 volumes published, see)
• Chekaluk, Peter W. A concise etymological dictionary of the Ukrainian language. 2 Vol. . - Sydney: Thesis, Macquarie University, 1988. - 2 v. (602 leaves)
• Farion I. D. Ukrainian nicknames of the Carpathian Lviv region for example of the 18th century - the beginning of the 19th century (with an etymological dictionary) / National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Institute of National Studies. - Lviv: Litopis, 2001. - 371 p.
• Chuchka P.P. Names of Transcarpathian Ukrainians: Historical and Etymological Dictionary. - Lviv: Svit, 2005. - 704+XLVIII p.
• Tishchenko K. M. Inshomological toponyms of Ukraine: Etymological dictionary-helper. - Ternopil: Mandrivets, 2010. - 240 p.
• Chuchka P.P. Words "Janian Special Names of Ukrainians: Historical and Etymological Dictionary. - Uzhgorod: Lira, 2011. - 428 p.

Belarusian language

• These are the sloўnіchny sloўnіk of Belarusian language. / Red. V. Ў. Martynaў, G. A. Tsykhun. - Minsk: Academy of Sciences of the BSSR; Belarusian science, 1978-2006-. (published 11 volumes, brought to A-C, publication continues)
• Zhuchkevich, V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary of Belarus. - Minsk: BSU Publishing House, 1974. - 447 p.

Polish language

• Bruckner A. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - 1 wyd. - Krakow: Krakow, Krakowska Spółka Wydawnicza, 1927.
  • Bruckner A. Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - 9 wyd. - przedruk. - Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 2000.
• Slawski F. Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. T. 1-5. - Krakow: Nak. tow. Milosnikow Jezyka Polskiego, 1952-1982- (volumes published in A-Ł)
• Rospond S. Słownik etymologiczny miast i gmin PRL. - Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo, 1984. - 463 s.
• Rospond S., Sochacka S. Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Śląska. T. 1-14. - Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Instytutu Śląskiego w Opolu: Książki. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1970-2009
• Rymut K. Nazwiska Polakow. Słownik historyczno-etymologiczny. T.I-II. - Krakow: Wydawnictwo Instytutu Języka Polskiego PAN, 1999-2001.
• Bańkowski A. Etymologiczny slownik języka polskiego. I-III t. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2000. - 873 s.
• Malec M. Słownik etymologiczny nazw geograficznych Polski. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2002. - 290 s.
• Abramowicz Z. Słownik etymologiczny nazwisk żydów białostockich. - Bialystok: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2003. - 364 s.
• Długosz-Kurczabowa K. Nowy slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2003. - 658 s.
• Borys W. Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2005. - 861 s.
• Długosz-Kurczabowa K. Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2005. - 658 s.
• Długosz-Kurczabowa K. Wielki slownik etymologiczno-historyczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa: Wydawn. Naukowe PWN, 2008. - XII + 884 s.
• Malmor I. Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. - Warszawa - Bielsko-Biała: ParkEdukacja - Wydawnictwo Szkolne PWN, 2009. - 543 s.

Kashubian

• Boryś W. , Hanna Popowska-Taborska H. Slownik etymologiczny kaszubszczyzny. - Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, 1994-2002 (volumes published on A-S)

Czech

• Holub J., Kopečny F. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého. Prague: Statení nakl. ucebnic, 1952. 575 s.
• Machek V. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého, 2 vyd., Praha: Academia, 1968. 866 s.
• Rejzek J.Český etymologický slovnik. Leda, 2001. 752 s.

Slovak

• Machek V. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého a slovenského. - Praha: Československá akademie věd, 1957. - 867 s.

Bulgarian language

• Mladenov S. Etymologically and spelled riverman in Bulgarian book ezik. - Sofia: Publishing House Christo G. Danov - O. O. D-vo, 1941. - 704 p.
• Bulgarian etymological riverman. / Ed. V. Georgiev, I. Duridanova. - Sofia: , Publishing House on the Bulgarian Academy of Science in Science, 1971-1996-. (5 volumes published, publication continues)

Serbo-Croatian

• Skok P., Deanovic M., Jonke L. Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga or srpskoga jezika, t. 1-4. Zagreb: Jugoslavenska akademija znatosti i umjetnosti, 1971-74.
• Schuster-Sewc H. Historisch-etymologisches Woerterbuch der ober- und niedersorbischen Sprache. bn. 1-24. - Veb Domowina, 1978-1989, 1996.
• Gluhak F. Hrvatski etimologijski rjecnik. Zagreb, 1993.

Slovenian

• France Bezlaj. Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Slovenia. acad. knowledge in umetnosti. Inst. za sloven. jezik, t. 1-4, 1976-2005.

Baltic languages

Latvian

• Karulis K. Latviešu etimologijas vārdnīca. Sej. 1-2. Riga, 1992.

Lithuanian language

• Fraenkel E. Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. bd. I-II. Heidelberg, 1962-1965.
• Vanagas A. Lietuvių hidronimų etimologinis žodynas. Vilnius: Mokslas, 1981. 408 p.
• Smoczynski W. Slownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego. Vilnius, 2007-2009.

Prussian language

• Toporov V. N. Prussian language. M., 1975-1989-. (5 volumes published, not completed)
• Maziulis V. Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas. T.I-IV. Vilnius, 1988-1997.

Germanic languages

English language

• Muller E. Etymologisches Woerterbuch der englischen Sprache. I-II. Cöthen: P. Schettler, 1867.
• Skeat W.W. Etymological dictionary of the English language. Oxford, 1953. New ed. 1963. (reissues)
• Klein E. A comprehensive etymological dictionary of the English language. I-II. Amsterdam, 1966-1967. 1776 p.
• The Oxford dictionary of English etymology. /Ed. by C. T. Onions. Oxford, 1966.
• The Concise Oxford dictionary of English etymology / Ed. by T.F. Head. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1986-XIV, 552 pp.
• Partridge E. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. London & New York: Routledge, 1977. 992 p.
• Partridge E. Origins: An etymological dictionary of Modern English. New York: Routledge, 2009. 972 p.
• Liberman A. A Bibliography of English Etymology: Sources and Word List. University of Minnesota Press, 2009. 974 p.

German

• Loewe R., Deutsches etymologisches Wörterbuch. W. de Gruyter, 1930. 186 p.
• Kluge Fr. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen Sprache. Berlin, . Berlin-N. Y., 1989. (reprinted several times, since 1989 revised by E. Seebold)
• Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen // Aut.: Wilhelm Braun, Gunhild Ginschel, Gustav Hagen et al. Berlin: Akademie, 1989. - Bd. I-III
• Hiersche R. Deutsches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. I-. Heidelberg, 1986-1990-. (publication started, 2 volumes published)
• Gerhard Kobler. Deutsches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. 1995
• Bahlow, Hans. Deutschlands geographische Namenwelt: Etymologisches Lexikon der Fluss-und Ortsnamen alteurop. Herkunft. : Suhrkamp, ​​1985-XVI, 554 p.
• Regnaud P. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue allemande sur le plan de celui de M. Kluge mais d'après les principes nouveaux de la méthode évolutionniste. Paris: A. Fontemoing, 1902. 503 p.

Dutch

• Francks etymologisch woordenboek der nederlandsche taal. 's-Gravenhage, 1949.
• Vries J. de. Nederlands etymologisch woordenboek. Leiden, 1971.

Icelandic

• Johannesson A. Islandisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. - Bern: A. Francke, 1951-1956.
• Magnusson A. B. Íslensk orðsifjabók. - Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskóláns, 1989. - xli, 1231 p.
  • Magnusson A. B. Íslensk orðsifjabók. - 2. prentun. - Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskóláns, 1995. - xli, 1231 p.
  • Magnusson A. B. Íslensk orðsifjabók. - 3. prentun. - Reykjavík: Orðabók Háskóláns, 2008. - xli, 1231 p.

Danish and Norwegian

• Falk H., Torp A. Norwegisch-Dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, v. 1-2. Heidelberg, 1910-1911. 2nd ed. 1960.
• Torp A. Nynorsk etymologisk Ordbok. Chr., 1919.

Swedish language

• Hellquist E. Svensk etymologisk ordbok, v. 1-2. Lund, 1920-1922. 2nd ed. 1948.

norn

• Jakobsen J., (Jakobsen) Horsböl A. An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland. - 2 vol. - London: D. Nutt (A.G. Berry); Copenhagen: V. Prior, 1928–1932.
  • Jacobsen J. An Etymological Dictionary of the Norn Language in Shetland. - 2 vol. - AMS Press, 1985. (repr.)

Romance languages

Spanish

• Roque Barcia & Eduardo de Echegaray. Diccionario general etimológico de la lengua española. Madrid: J. M. Faquineto, 1887.
• Coromines J. Diccionario crítico etimologico de la lengua castellana. 4 vol. - Madrid: Editorial Gredos; Berna: Editorial Francke, 1954-1957.
• Coromines J., Pascual J. A. Diccionario crítico etimologico castellano e hispanico. Obra completeta. I-VI vol. - Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1991-1997.
• Coromines J. Breve diccionario etimologico de la lengua castellana. - 4ª edicion. - Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 2008.

Italian language

• Pianigiani O. Vocabolario etimologico della lingua italiana. 1907 Vol. 1-2. Mil., 1943.
• Cortelazzo M., Zolli P. Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana. Vol. 1-5. Bologna, 1979-1988.

Latin language

• Kramer J. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Dolomitenladinischen. bd. 1-8. Hamburg: Buske Verlag, 1988-1998.

Occitan

• Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien occitan / Susanne Hächler, Conchita Orga, Barbara Ute Junker, Flavia Löpfe, Rachel Kolly-Gobet, Monika Gut, Muriel Bützberger. - 1990-

Portuguese

• Houaiss A. Dicionário Houaiss da Lingua Portuguesa. - Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Antônio Houaiss de Lexicografia, 2001.

Romanian language

• Sextil Puşcariu. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der rumänischen Sprache. Heidelberg, 1905.

Sardinian

• Wagner M.L. Dizionario etimologico sardo. Heidelberg, 1957-1964.

French

• Dauzat A. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française. P., 1938.
• Baldinger K. Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français. Fasc. 1-3. Quebec; Tübingen; Paris, 1971.
• Wartburg W.v. Französischen etymologisches Wörterbuch. 23 fast. Bonn; Lpz.; Paris; Basel, 1922-1970.
• Bloch O., Wartburg W. Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue française, 2 ed., P., 1950; 9. ed. Paris: Presses univ. de France, 1991 - XXXII, 682 pp.
• Gamillscheg E. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Französischen Sprache. Heidelberg, 1965.
• Picoche, Jacqueline. Dictionnaire étymologique du français. Paris: Dict. le Robert, 1993-X, 619 pp.
• Dauzat A., Deslandes G., Rostaing Ch. Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de rivières et de montagnes en France. Paris, 1978.

Friulian

• Pellegrini G. B., Cortelazzo M., Zamboni A. et al. Dizionario etimologico storico friulano. Vol. 1-2. Udine, 1984-1987.

Celtic languages

Breton

• Louis Le Pelletier, Etymological Dictionary of the Breton Language: Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Bretonne. French & European Publications, Incorporated, 1973. 1716 p.

Gaelic

• Jameson J. An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language; illustrating the words in their different significations by example from Ancient and Modern Writers; shewing their Affinity to those of other Languages, and especially the Northern; explaining many terms which though now obsolete in England were formerly common to both countries; and elucidating National Rites, Customs and Institutions and their Analogy to those of other nations; to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish Language. Vol. 1-2. - London: W. Creech, Constable, and Blackwood, 1808.
  • Jameson J. An etymological dictionary of the Scottish language; in which the words are explained in their different senses, authorized by the names of the writers by whom they are used, or the titles of the works in which they occur, and deduced from their originals. Vol. 1-2. - Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable and Company, and Alexander Jameson by Abernethy & Walker, 1818.
  • Jamieson J., Longmuir J., Donaldson D. An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language; illustrating the words in their different significations by example from Ancient and Modern Writers; shewing their Affinity to those of other Languages, and especially the Northern; explaining many terms which though now obsolete in England were formerly common to both countries; and elucidating National Rites, Customs and Institutions and their Analogy to those of other nations; to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish Language. Vol. 1-2. - New ed., carefully rev. and collated, with the entire suppl. incorporated. - Paisley: Alexander Gardner, 1879-1997
• Macbain A. An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language. - Inverness: The Northern Counties Printing And Publishing Company, Limited, 1896.
  • Macbain A. An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language. - 2nd ed. (revised) - Stirling: Eneas Mackay, 1911. - xvi, xxxvii, A-D p., 1 l., 412 p.
  • Macbain A. An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language. - Glasgow: Gairm Publications, 1982. -

Iranian languages

Wakhan language

• Steblin-Kamensky I. M. Etymological dictionary of the Wakhan language. - St. Petersburg. : Petersburg Oriental Studies, 1999. - 480 p.

Kurdish

• Tsabolov R. L. Etymological dictionary of the Kurdish language: [in 2 volumes] - M .: Eastern Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2001-2010.

Ossetian language

• Abaev V.I. Historical and etymological dictionary of the Ossetian language. In 5 vols. M.-L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1958-1995.

Persian language

• Hasandus M. An etymological dictionary of Persian language. Tehran: Iranian Academy of Persian language and literature, 2004.
• Asatrian G.S. Etymological Dictionary of Persian. / Leiden Indo-European etymological dictionary series. vol. 12. Leiden: Brill, 2010. 1000 p.
• Golāma Makasūda Hilālī, Kalīm Sahasrāmī. A concise etymological dictionary of Persian language. Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, 1996. 32 p.

Pashto language

• Morgenstierne G. An Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. - Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1927. - 120 p.
  • Morgenstierne G. New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. / Compiled and Edited by J. Elfenbein, D. N. M. MacKenzie and Nicholas Sims-Williams. (Beiträge zur Iranistik, Bd. 23.). - Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 2003. - VIII, 140 p. (in English)