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Root- This is the main semantic part of the word.
Roots can be divided into three groups:

roots with unstressed checked vowels
roots with unstressed unchecked vowels
roots with alternating vowels

Roots with unstressed checked vowels

The choice of a vowel in an unstressed position in the root is determined by the method of verification. It is necessary to check with forms of the same word or with single-root words in which the vowel being checked is under stress. For example: star - star, fasten - paperclip, look third - looks

There are a few things to watch out for when doing this check:

There are words of Old Slavonic origin with combinations of ra / la, which in Russian have combinations of oro / olo. For example: gate-gate, head-head, reins-furrow.
Unstressed vowel cannot be checked about in the roots of perfective verbs by imperfective forms. For example: but to drink something pka (and not to flood), to be late - late (and not to be late), to swallow - a sip (and not to swallow).
When choosing a spelling about or a in unstressed verbal roots, imperfective verbs with the suffix -yva-/-iva-. For example: throw - throw (and not throw), stomp - trample (and not trample) etc.

Roots with unstressed unchecked vowels

In Russian, there are many words in which it is impossible to check an unstressed vowel. These are dictionary words. Their spelling should be checked in a spelling dictionary. For example: vinaigrette, airship, waste paper etc.

Roots with alternating vowels

rule	Examples	Exceptions
Roots -gor-/-gar-, -clone-/-clan-, -creator-/-creature-
The letter -o- is written without stress	sunbathing - sunbathing, bowing - worship, creation	burnouts, burnt, burnt, utensils
Roots -zor-/-zar-
Under the stress is written -o- Written without stress -a-	dawn, dawn, dawn dawn, lightning, illuminate
Roots -float-/-float-
The root -plav- is written in all cases	float, floating	swimmer, swimmer, quicksand
Roots -lag-/-lodge
Before -zh- it is written -o- before -g- it is written -a-	put - believe application - adjective	canopy, forgery
Roots -rast- / -rasch- / -ros-
Before -st- and -sh- it is written -a- Otherwise, write -o-	GROW - GROW - GROW	rostock, rostov, usurer, rostislav, GROWTH, INDUSTRY
Roots -cas- / -kos-
At the root it is written -o-, if there is a sound -n- behind the root Otherwise, write -a-	touch - touch touches - touches
Roots -skak- / -skoch-
Before -k- it is written -a-, before -h- it is written -o-	jump - jumped up	jump, jump, jump (derived from the verb to jump)
Roots -bir-/-ber-, -dir-/-der-, -mir-/-mer-, -tir-/-ter-, -pir-/-per-, -burn-/-burn-, -steel-/-steel-, -blist-/-glitter-, -chit-/-even-
With the suffix -a- it is written -and-	collect, rip off, freeze, wipe, to lock up, burn out, spread, shine, subtract	combine, combination, match
In other cases, write -e-	collect, pluck, freeze, wipe, lock up, burn out, spread, shine, deduction	combine, combination, match
Roots -mok-, -moch-, -poppy-
-mok-, -moch-: in words with the meaning “(not) pass liquid; change their qualities when interacting with water " -mak-: in words meaning "immerse in liquid"	waterproof dip crackers into tea
Roots -equal-/-equal-
-equal-: n is written in words with the meaning "equal, on a par, the same" -even-: written in words with the meaning "straight, smooth, even"	trim (i.e. make equal) the equation level	plain, coeval, equally, level, equal

The state final certification of 2019 in the Russian language for graduates of the 9th grade of general educational institutions is carried out in order to assess the level of general education of graduates in this discipline. The main content elements tested in testing are:

Information processing of texts of various styles and genres. Text as a speech product. Semantic and compositional integrity of the text. Selection of language means in the text depending on the topic, purpose, addressee and situation of communication. Creation of texts of various styles and functional and semantic types of speech. Grammatical norms (morphological norms). Grammatical norms (syntactic norms). Lexical norms. Punctuation in simple and compound sentences. Spelling.
Text as a speech product. Semantic and compositional integrity of the text. Text analysis.
Expressive means of vocabulary and phraseology. Analysis of expressive means.
Spelling prefixes. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling.
Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech (except -Н-/-НН-). Spelling -Н- and -НН- in various parts of speech. Spelling of personal endings of verbs and suffixes of present participles.
Vocabulary and phraseology. Synonyms. Phraseological turns. Groups of words by origin and use.
Phrase.
Sentence. Grammatical (predicative) basis of the sentence. Subject and predicate as the main members of the sentence.
Complicated simple sentence.
Punctuation analysis. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence.
Punctuation analysis. Punctuation marks in compound and complex sentences.
Complex sentences with different types of connection between parts.

Date of passing the OGE in the Russian language 2019:
May 28 (Tuesday).

There are no changes in the structure and content of the examination paper in 2019 compared to 2018.

In this section you will find online tests that will help you prepare for passing the OGE (GIA) in the Russian language. We wish you success!

The standard test of the OGE (GIA-9) of the 2019 format in the Russian language contains three parts. The first part includes one task - a small written work on the listened text. The second part consists of 13 tasks with a short answer. To complete the third part, you must choose one of the three proposed tasks and give a written detailed reasoned answer. For the reason that. that the tasks from the first and third parts are checked by teachers manually and cannot be checked automatically, this test only presents the second part of the exam (13 tasks). According to the current structure of the exam, only a few of these questions offer multiple choice answers. However, for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers for each task. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (CMM), we decided to significantly increase the number of these options in order to bring the test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard test of the OGE (GIA-9) of the 2018 format in the Russian language contains three parts. The first part includes one task - a small written work on the listened text. The second part consists of 13 tasks with a short answer. To complete the third part, you must choose one of the three proposed tasks and give a written detailed reasoned answer. For the reason that. that the tasks from the first and third parts are checked by teachers manually and cannot be checked automatically, this test only presents the second part of the exam (13 tasks). According to the current structure of the exam, only a few of these questions offer multiple choice answers. However, for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers for each task. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (CMM), we decided to significantly increase the number of these options in order to bring the test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard test of the OGE (GIA-9) of the 2018 format in the Russian language contains three parts. The first part includes one task - a small written work on the listened text. The second part consists of 13 tasks with a short answer. To complete the third part, you must choose one of the three proposed tasks and give a written detailed reasoned answer. For the reason that. that the tasks from the first and third parts are checked by teachers manually and cannot be checked automatically, this test only presents the second part of the exam (13 tasks). According to the current structure of the exam, only a few of these questions offer multiple choice answers. However, for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers for each task. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), we decided to significantly increase the number of these options in order to bring the test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard test of the OGE (GIA-9) of the 2017 format in the Russian language contains three parts. The first part includes one task - a small written work on the listened text. The second part consists of 13 tasks with a short answer. To complete the third part, you must choose one of the three proposed tasks and give a written detailed reasoned answer. For the reason that. that the tasks from the first and third parts are checked by teachers manually and cannot be checked automatically, this test only presents the second part of the exam (13 tasks). According to the current structure of the exam, only a few of these questions offer multiple choice answers. However, for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers for each task. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), we decided to significantly increase the number of these options in order to bring the test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard test of the OGE (GIA-9) of the 2016 format in the Russian language contains three parts. The first part includes one task - a small written work on the listened text. The second part consists of 13 tasks with a short answer. To complete the third part, you must choose one of the three proposed tasks and give a written detailed reasoned answer. For the reason that. that the tasks from the first and third parts are checked by teachers manually and cannot be checked automatically, this test only presents the second part of the exam (13 tasks). According to the current structure of the exam, only a few of these questions offer multiple choice answers. However, for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers for each task. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), we decided to significantly increase the number of these options in order to bring the test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The standard test of the OGE (GIA-9) of the 2015 format in the Russian language contains three parts. The first part includes one task - a small written work on the listened text. The second part consists of 13 tasks with a short answer. To complete the third part, you must choose one of the three proposed tasks and give a written detailed reasoned answer. For the reason that. that the tasks from the first and third parts are checked by teachers manually and cannot be checked automatically, this test only presents the second part of the exam (13 tasks). According to the current structure of the exam, only a few of these questions offer multiple choice answers. However, for the convenience of passing the tests, the site administration decided to offer answers for each task. However, for tasks in which answer options are not provided by the compilers of real control and measuring materials (KIMs), we decided to significantly increase the number of these options in order to bring the test as close as possible to what you will have to face at the end of the school year.

The text that will be required when completing tasks will be indicated in each question for your convenience.
When completing tasks A1-A6, choose only one correct option.
When completing tasks B1-B14, several answers are possible.

Task 9 USE 2018 in Russian.

Theory

To successfully complete task 9, you need to know the list of rules:

Spelling prefixes

Spelling at the junction of morphemes (prefix and root, two prefixes)

Spelling of complex nouns with roots FLOOR- and SEMI-

Execution algorithm:

2) Select prefixes

3) Remember the rules and apply them (it is better to work on the principle of “from simple to complex rules”).

Prefixes ending in –з, -с;

· Ы, И, Ъ at the junction of morphemes;

· Half-, semi-;

· Unchangeable prefixes;

PRE, PRI

Thus, what you can check with the rules is best done first. And the prefixes PRE and PRI are best left for "dessert".

SPELLING OF PREFACES (RULES)

All prefixes are divided into

immutable
(need to remember)

O-: called out, stop
U- ran away
TO-: get,
ON-: believe, farmstead, cut
PRO-: boil, space, trick
PRA-: In a special sense: great-grandmother, proto-language
ON-: attack
FOR-: ask
OVER- (NECESSARY-): bite, crack
POD- (PODO-): melt, undermine
FROM- (OTO-): to give, rest, push back
OB-(OBO-): cut, grind, wipe
B- (VO-): relish, sew, grab
YOU -: pacing
PRE- (PRE-): Chairman
PER-: humus
C- (CO-): shift
POSE-: before last

EXCEPTIONS AND DIFFICULTIES

1) The combination HE + C should be distinguished from the variable prefix NIZ (NIS). The prefix C does not alternate!!!

You need to remember the words:here, the building, health, not a single thing is visible (in these words, z- is part of the root).

2) Pay attention to the words:

Ra With even, ra With legibility (before the root - even - we write C)

Exception: countless

Ra ss read, ra ss read (before the root - cheat - write SS)

3) Remember: open, gape, ruin, ruin

4) The prefixes TIME (races) and ROS (ros) depend on the stress. We write A without stress, O with stress.

Exception: search, search.

5) It is important to determine not only the prefix, but also the root. Sometimes the root starts with z or s, then double consonants will be formed with prefixes on -z, -s.

For example: mindless, carefree, etc.

Exception: To quarrel - we write two with, because three identical consonants in Russian are not written in a row.

6) There is a group of homonyms in which the spelling depends on the lexical meaning

AT	PRE
etc and visit (come)	etc e visit (be)
etc and to mature wireless and zornik (shelter, take care)	etc e mature (neglect)
etc and create (close)	etc e create (to embody)
etc and tend (tilt)	etc e tend, (express respect, defiant respect)
etc and to give add, comprehend	etc e to give etc e give in (issue dive)
etc and walking being	etc e walking temporary
etc and endure get used to	etc e tolerate survive
etc and radio receiver	etc e student apprentice
etc and put put	etc e put die
etc and gatekeeper watchman	etc e volatility trouble
etc and lay down put close	nepr e false (immutable, indestructible)
etc and affairs (extension in the church)	etc e affairs (the border)

!!! Downplay (very) importance - downplay (a little) importance

Multiply and exaggerate has no pair according to modern standards.

7) The meaning of some prefixes is obscured, or the prefix has grown together with the root, or the prefix does not exist in Russian (foreign words).

AT-

PRE-

Priority, privilege joke, fastidious, comely, device, decency, decent, pall, order, adventure, take a nap, oath, oppress, reason, whim, claim, nature, example, hairstyle, regrettable, freedom, sight, omen, adherent, diligent , personal belongings, pleasant, private, principle, primacy, primitive, suitable, dream, adventure, award, vocation, look after, adapt

Prerogative, preamble obstacles, obstacles, prairie, present, obstacle, advantage, hell, sins, neglect, rebuke, bicker, throne, perverse, punctuation mark, notorious, seduce, prone, repose, persecute, teacher, present, limit, transmit, reverend, stumbling block, grovel, dissect, prelude, premiere, prestige, president, claim, presumption, preventive, prelate, prevail, presidium, pretender, preference, precedent, preparation, overcome

Spelling of compound nouns with roots FLOOR-, SEMI-.

Pan-Islamism, sub-inspector, transjordan, counterplay.

6) After the numerals two-, three-, four-.
Two-needle, three-pulse.

1) After prefixes ending in a consonant before E, Yo, Yu, Ya.
Rise, exit.

2) After the numerals two-three-, four-, before E, Yo, Yu, Ya.
Three-tier.

The tenth task in the USE in Russian is aimed at testing the knowledge of graduates in the field of spelling prefixes. Of the five options given - combinations of two words with a missing letter - you need to choose one, both words in which correspond to the condition specified in the task - that is, in which the same letter is missing. For this you can get one primary point. Let's repeat the theory related to the spelling of prefixes in Russian.

Theory for assignment No. 10 USE in the Russian language

immutable prefixes

The following prefixes are always written the same way:

Above-	Scribble, inscribe
Under-	Adjust, fake
About-	Sprinkle, bypass
From-	Separate, wash
Pre-	penultimate, anticipate
Near-	nearby, nearby
Per-	learn, enter
On the-	wet, pour
Nai-	The greatest, the best
By-	wash, read
Before-	Finish, sail
Under-	overlooked, overlooked
FROM-	knock down, make

You need to remember that Z is not a prefix; it is part of the root of words such as: here, health, get well, building, hello

changeable prefixes

	The last letter of the prefix "-s"	The last letter of the prefix "-z"
	If the first consonant of the root is voiceless	If the first letter of the root is a vowel or voiced consonant
Ras-/raz-	tell	find out
Without-/without-	silent	tasteless
Is-/from-	fright	cab
Sun- / Sun-	ascending	appeal
Sun-/Sun-	cry	take off
Down-/down-	descending	deposed
Through-/through-	too	through grain
Through-/through-	loafer	excessive

In the prefixes once / race- and rose- / rose- it is written under stress “ about", and without stress -" a »

raffle - play

painting - to sign

Exception: investigative

foreign language prefixes des-/diz-/dis-

prefixes right-/pro-

prefixes pre-/pre- (both changeable and unchangeable)

Meaning	At-	Meaning	Pre-
Addition	Attach, stick, attach	Top quality	wise, succeed, interesting
Approximation	come running, arrive, arrive	Same as "re"	transgress, block, transform (=remake)
Incomplete action	Open up, ponder, burn
Spatial proximity	Seaside, railway station, school
Accompanying action	Sing, chant, dance
Completeness of action	Tame, shoot, train

In the following words the spelling of prefixes pre-/pri- must be remembered :

At-	Pre-
joke	unquestioning
device	advantage
fussy	declining
ghost	charming
habit	neglect, neglect
fit	punctuation marks
picky	present
vocation	reverend
order	let
adventure	bickering
note, landmark	chase
belong	notorious
deplorable	crawl
listen	aged
look after	throne
dream	challenger
adapt	endure
biased	exaggerate
to award, award
oath
claim
involved
bizarre
multiply
timed

Pre-/pre-included in root composition the following words:

Pre-	At-
preamble - introductory part	privatization
prevail - dominate	private - private
gift	privilege
presentation	diva
the president	primacy
presidium	primitive
prelude - introduction; intro to a piece of music	principle
award, award	a priority
premiere
a drug
obstruction - obstruction
prairie
prerogative - exclusive right
prestige
challenger
claim
prefect, prefecture
preference
precedent - a similar case in the past

You also need to remember the words pronounced the same but having different meanings :

Task execution algorithm

Read the assignment carefully.
We insert all the missing letters in the proposed words in accordance with the spelling rules of prefixes.
We are looking for a couple of words in which the same letter is missing.
We write down the answer by inserting the missing letters.

Analysis of typical options for task No. 10 USE in the Russian language

The ninth task of the demo 2020

Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

be..stuffy, and..scare
under..em, about..phenomenon
about .. warmed, s .. threw
under..took, n..ruled
about..tear, n..top

Execution algorithm:

Read the assignment carefully.
Without stuffy , is scare - the spelling of the prefix depends on the consonant following it (voiced or deaf).

Obo warmed , per threw - invariable prefixes.
Podo took , on the rules - invariable prefixes.
Obo tear , on the at the top - invariable prefixes.

Under eating, about phenomenon – after the prefix before the vowels e, e, u and i we write b.

Answer: rise, announcement.

The first version of the assignment

... do and ... run
pr…given, pr…large
n ... signature, pr ... mother
by ... sunflower, oh ... turn on
p ... read, pr ... erase

Execution algorithm:

Read the assignment carefully.
FROM do, from run - remember that there is no prefix Z- in Russian.

At given, pre great - "pre" in the second word denotes the highest degree of quality.
Under writing, right mother - "great" in the second case indicates the relationship to the ancestors.
Under dory, from switch - "from" - unchangeable prefix

By read – on immutable prefix; about wash- the prefix does not mean “original”, “related to the ancestors”, therefore, we write the letter o.

The second version of the task

Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

ra ... walk, in ... cheer up
pr…breathing, pr…serving
be ... causally, be ... grumbling
to ... search, oh ... swim
pr ... acquired, pr ... cut

Execution algorithm:

Read the assignment carefully.
Ras walk around, vz cheer up - we determine the last letter of the prefix by the first letter of the root.

Bes causally without murmuring - again, we look at the letter of the root.
Under search, from swim - unchangeable prefixes.
At found, pre shorten - “acquired” in the meaning of joining, “stop” - in the meaning of STOP.

Pre breathing, pre serving – "pre" refers to invariable prefixes .

Answer: previous, teaching.

The third version of the task

Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

pr…dolympic, unspecified…indirect
and ... return, and ... flow
pr ... to be able, pr ... added
o...let, o...shut
ra ... carry, ra ... pashonka

Execution algorithm:

Read the assignment carefully.
Prev Olympic, not indirect - in the first case, the unchangeable prefix "before", in the second, you just need to remember this word.