15 BELIEF The firm conviction of every adult, the basis of his life as a person among people (acquiring special weight because of his unexplored) is that in the center of his universe there is something dense, opaque, colorful, complex and active, according to

53 FAITH The solution to any problem, no matter what it is, is to see whose it is. Not to understand, feel or think who has a problem, but actually see this WHOM and wait for what comes out of this vision. This vision and expectation is always available, no matter what you are

3. Scientific Knowledge and Religious Faith To some, the title of this paragraph, and even more so its inclusion in the chapter on science, will seem, to put it mildly, strange. This is not true. Speaking purely formally, science and religion, being forms of social consciousness, put the object of

Separation of concepts: "faith" is not "hope" "Faith" and "hope" are not synonymous. Sentences with these words have a different linguistic structure and are semantically different. The words “I hope it is so” are not a substitute for “I believe it is so.” The concept of “faith” in the sense

D.M. Ugrinovich refers to the main features of religious consciousness: belief in the supernatural, which, according to religious doctrine, is something that does not obey the laws of the material world around us and lies "on the other side" of sensually perceived objects, i.e. material (natural) world (1, p. 51).

However, in his opinion, this definition is typical for "theistic" religions, which are based on the worship of gods or God. The early forms of religion, which include magic, fetishism, totemism, were characterized by belief either in the supernatural properties of material objects (fetishism) or in supernatural connections between material objects (magic, totemism). In them, the opposition of the natural to the supernatural existed only in potential, in embryo. In the course of the further evolution of religion, the supernatural becomes more and more isolated from the natural, it is already thought of as a special spiritual entity that not only opposes material nature as a higher form of being, but also controls it.

From the standpoint of a materialistic worldview, the ideas and images of the supernatural are a fantastic reflection in the minds of people of those real forces that dominate them in their daily lives. In other words, supernatural forces and entities do not objectively exist by themselves, they are illusory objects created by the human imagination. However, for a religious person, these illusory objects are real, because he believes in their existence (1, p. 51).

The specificity of the object of religious faith, as something supernatural, located "on the other side" of the sensually comprehended world, leaves its mark on the place of religious faith in the system of individual and social consciousness, on its relationship with human knowledge and practice. Since the subject of religious faith is something that, according to the beliefs of religious people, is not included in the general chain of causal relationships and natural patterns, something "transcendent", insofar as religious faith, according to the teachings of the church, is not subject to empirical verification, is not included in the general system of human knowledge and practices. A religious person believes in an exceptional appearance of supernatural forces or beings, unlike everything that exists (1, pp. 51-52).

The religious person does not apply the usual criteria of empirical certainty to the supernatural. Gods, spirits and other supernatural beings, in his opinion, in principle cannot be perceived by human senses, if they do not take on a “corporeal”, material shell, do not appear before people in a “visible” form accessible to sensual contemplation. According to Christian doctrine, Christ was just such a god, who appeared to people in human form. If a god or other supernatural power resides in its own permanent, transcendent world, then, as theologians assure, the usual criteria for testing human ideas and hypotheses are not applicable to them.

According to D.M. Ugrinovich, in religious faith, the human mind plays a third-rate, subordinate role; the church accepts it only as a means of formulating a dogma. The thesis: "I believe because it is absurd" - is not accidental for religious consciousness, but expresses some of its general and characteristic features.

These features of the interpretation of the supernatural object of faith and faith itself explain to a certain extent the fact that religious beliefs and scientific ideas can be combined in the minds of religious people for a long time. In order to understand this, it should be taken into account that religious dogmas are, as it were, excluded by believers from the sphere of ordinary ideas that are subject to practical and theoretical verification.

To confirm this position, the author refers to Festinger's idea, which explains the stability of faith by three main factors: 1) the significance of these beliefs in the life of the individual and in the system of its value orientations; 2) the circumstance that believers have repeatedly demonstrated publicly their adherence to certain religious beliefs, and therefore the rejection of them would mean, from their point of view, the undermining of social prestige; 3) social pressure on each believer by members of the religious group to which he belongs.

Festinger gives examples from the life of religious sects and movements in the United States, which really show the stability of religious beliefs even in conditions when life refuted certain prophecies of the sect leader.

D.M. Ugrinovich wonders what mental processes play a dominant role in religious faith? He believes that it is, first of all, imagination. Deep religious faith implies the existence in the mind of a person of ideas about supernatural beings (in Christianity, for example, Jesus Christ, the Mother of God, saints, angels, etc.) and their vivid images that can evoke an emotional and interested attitude. These images and representations are illusory, they do not correspond to real objects. But they do not appear in a vacuum. The ground for their formation in individual consciousness is, firstly, religious myths, which tells about the "actions" of gods or other supernatural beings, and, secondly, cult art images (for example, icons and frescoes), in which supernatural images are embodied in a sensuous way.

While noting the commonality of religious ideas among believers of the same confession, one should at the same time take into account that the religious ideas and images of each subject of faith are largely individualized. It is those traits that best meet the spiritual needs and character traits of a given individual that can come to the fore in them.

The relation of the subject of religious faith to the object of faith, according to D.M. Ugrinovich, can exist only as an emotional relation. If religious images and ideas do not evoke intense feelings and experiences in the mind of the individual, then this is a sure sign of the fading of faith. An emotional attitude to the subject of religious faith stems from the fact that such a belief implies not only the reality of supernatural forces or beings, but also the fact that they can affect the life and fate of the believer himself and his loved ones both in the real world and in the “other world”. In other words, this is not only the belief that God exists and that he created the world, but also that God can punish or reward a given person, influence fate during his lifetime and especially after death. Naturally, such a belief cannot but evoke deep feelings and experiences in him. The believer enters into special relations with the illusory object of his faith, which can be called illusory-practical (1, p. 55).

Religious faith is not only an emotional, but also a strong-willed attitude towards the supernatural. Deep faith involves the concentration of the entire mental life of a person on religious images, ideas, feelings and experiences, which can only be achieved with the help of significant volitional efforts. the rescue". It is no coincidence that exercises that trained the will were obligatory for many newly converted monks and nuns.

In religious faith, a much smaller role than in non-religious faith is played by logical, rational thinking with all its features and attributes (logical consistency, evidence, etc.). As for other mental processes, the specificity of religious faith lies in the direction of these processes, their subject matter. Since their subject is the supernatural, they concentrate the imagination, feelings and will of the individual around illusory objects.

For a deeply religious person, God or other supernatural entities often act as a more important reality than the surrounding world. Communication with them occupies an important place in the life of such people. Replacing real communication with people, it creates the illusion of mutual closeness, causes intense feelings, and leads to emotional release.

Religion contains four main parts: faith, creed, cult and organization. religious faith- this is the most complex cultural phenomenon that combines high intellectuality, inspiration, humility in front of a world that is spiritually superior to you, awareness of your creatureliness and, at the same time, a special pride in belonging to this true world.

In world religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Islam), faith is a complex cultural complex that includes the subject of faith, the doctrine of faith, the practice of religion, dogma and other elements. So, in Islam, faith consists of three elements (verbal recognition of God,

ry deeds and virtuous intentions) and includes five main subjects: 1) faith in the one and only God; 2) angels; 3) God-revealed Books (five such Books are named in the Koran: the scrolls of Abraham, the Torah of Moses, the Psalter of David, the Gospel of Jesus, the Koran of Muhammad); 4) God's prophets and messengers; 5) Judgment Day, heaven and hell, retribution and punishment. Later, to these five articles of faith, a sixth one (of non-Quranic origin) was added - faith in predestination (everything that happens in the world - both good and evil, and also all the deeds of people are conditioned by the will of the Almighty).

The main features of faith are:

♦ ultimate individualization, since any religion implies the presence of a certain organizational structure that acts as an intermediary between God and man;

♦ personal attitude to the object of faith (in the form of any kind of supernatural), since the believer, as a rule, subconsciously evaluates it positively, considers it appropriate to the system of norms and values ​​that he shares;

♦ emotional-sensual character.

creed

From the word "faith" comes the concept "creed" which denote a systematic doctrine, concept, set of ideas, which are based on faith in the supernatural world, deity. But even this - belief in the supernatural - is the main thing in the dogma. Much more important in the dogma is the fact that it is a systematic presentation of the content of faith in dogma- recognized once and for all as immutable truths that are not subject to criticism.

In this sense, Christianity, Buddhism or Islam are creeds. The source of the doctrine is the system of fundamental principles set forth in the Holy Tradition or in the Holy Books - for Muslims this is the Koran, and for Christians - the Bible. Holy Scripture is essentially considered the Revelation with which God turned to people, because one can only believe in the truth of this Revelation. The main source of doctrine is understood as the eternal, uncreated "word of God", revelation.

The totality of religious doctrines and teachings about the essence and action of God is called theology(from Greek. theos- God and...logia), literally meaning theology. It presupposes the concept of an absolute God who communicates to man knowledge of himself in revelation. In the strict sense, it is common to speak of theology in relation to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Thus, in theology, which form the basis of the Christian doctrine, three components can be distinguished: ontological doctrine(how the world works) epistemological doctrine(how to know the world) and revelation(revelation).

The new quality that religious faith has acquired in comparison with mythological faith is that it has moved from the realm of feelings into the realm of knowledge. Faith becomes epistemological basis of religious morality and practice.

REVELATION- in monotheistic religions, the direct will of the deity or the knowledge emanating from him as an absolute criterion of human behavior and knowledge. It is expressed in the text of "scripture" (in Judaism and Christianity - the Bible, in Islam - the Koran) and in "tradition", which also receives written fixation (in Judaism - the Talmud, in Christianity - the writings of the "fathers of the church", in Islam - the sunnah).

Religion

From the word "faith" comes the term "religion". Religions in Christianity are understood as its denominations, formed after the schism (Greek. schisma- schism) - a schism in the Christian church, which led to the division of the churches (Orthodox and Catholic), which arose about the clarification of the divine and human nature in the person of Jesus Christ (the so-called Christological disputes). As a result of doctrinal differences in V-VII centuries several religions were formed, in particular, “non-Chalcedonites”, Nestorians, “Christians of St. Thomas", Monothelites and Monophysites. AT XI 11th c. Another religious division of the Churches - Orthodox and Catholic - took shape, behind which was a conflict of state ideologies, complicated by doctrinal and ritual differences. In XVII in. the Old Believers separated from Orthodoxy, which itself was divided into many "interpretations". During the Reformation, Protestantism broke away from Catholicism, within which many confessions and so-called denominations developed: Lutheranism, Calvinism, the Anglican Church, Methodists, Baptists, Adventists, etc. In modern times (XVI-XVII centuries) several confessional branches were formed within Catholicism: Jesuits, Piarists, Redemptorists.

RELIGIOUS FAITH - personal self-determination of a person in relation to his knowledge of the world and a person's place in it, arising from a religious worldview. Religious self-determination is a person’s worldview and way of life, generated by a sense of connectedness, dependence on some entity elevated above him, a sense of reverence and reverence for a force that provides support and prescribes norms of behavior in relation to other people and to the world as a whole. There are two approaches that form two images, or appearances, of V. R.: an approach, as it were, from the inside, from the state of faith from the point of view of a believer, convinced of the existence and active influence of the Divine on man and on everything that exists; and approach, as it were, from the outside, from the side of an external observer. This distinction is always present in V. p. with the leading role of the state of faith. But under certain historical conditions, it can acquire the character of opposition to each other. Within each of these approaches, a large…

Religion (from Latin religio - a compound Latin word. League - union, connection, re - prefix, meaning the return nature of the action. All together - "reunion") - one of the forms of social consciousness, due to belief in the existence of the supernatural (in supernatural power or personality). This faith is the main feature and element of any religion that believers represent.

Other definitions of religion:

Lifestyle. worship of a person to higher powers, in the reality of which he believes as well as in the possibility of interacting with them through prayers, sacrifices and other various forms of worship;

The religious system of representation of the world (worldview) is based on faith or mystical experience, and not on data verified by scientific experiment.

Archaeological finds are consistent with the view that…

religious consciousness

For a more complete understanding of what religion is, it is necessary to turn to the question of its structure. To reveal the structure of any object or phenomenon means to determine what elements this object consists of and how these elements are interconnected.

The main elements of religion are: religious consciousness, religious activities, religious relations, religious organizations.

The basis, defining element of religion is religious consciousness.

Religious consciousness can be defined as a reflection of reality in fantastic images.

The main features of religious consciousness are sensual visibility, the combination of content adequate to reality with illusions, faith, symbolism, emotional richness.

religious faith

The central, unifying element of religious consciousness is religious faith.

Faith is a special mental state that…

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religious faith

Religious faith occupies an important place in religious ideology and in the practice of religious organizations. All theological systems ultimately serve to substantiate and justify faith, and the main goal of liturgical practice is to use various means of influencing people to excite and strengthen faith in God.

Defenders of religion declare belief in God an innate property of every person, a gift from God, which, due to its divine origin, cannot be explained from materialistic positions. The atheistic conviction of a scientist, any certainty of a person that is not connected with religion, is considered by them as an imperfect, distorted manifestation of religious faith.

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Religious Studies 2. ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURE OF RELIGION

The elements and structure of religion are formed and changed in the course of history. These include religious consciousness, religious activities, religious relations, religious organizations.

2.1. Religious consciousness. religious faith

Religious consciousness is the consciousness of a believer. Not every faith is a religious faith. The latter "lives" due to the presence of a special phenomenon in human psychology. Faith is a special psychological state of confidence in the achievement of a goal, the occurrence of an event, in the truth of an idea. It contains the expectation in the fulfillment of desire. This psychological state occurs in a probabilistic situation, when there is an opportunity for a successful action and its favorable outcome. When an event happens, faith fades away. Faith arises in connection with those events, processes, ideas that have a significant meaning for people, and is an alloy ...

Sergei SARATOVSKII

Religious faith in the structure of the human psyche from the standpoint of the psychology of religion and ethnic psychology

The public interest in religion that has awakened in recent years makes scientific thought increasingly turn to such a phenomenon as religious faith.

Despite the fact that the word "psychology" is literally translated as "the science of the soul", the concept of faith, closely related in its meaning to the soul, still does not have sufficient reflection in the psychological literature and reference materials, since it is a manifestation of a more spiritual sphere. . Nevertheless, the psychology of religion and ethnic psychology are trying within their branches to give a reasoned justification for this phenomenon of the human psyche.

Let's understand the concepts. The Russian and Greek word "vera" has a similar meaning and comes from the word to believe, trust. English - from a word with the meaning to honor, approve. German - from a word translated as praise, love, ...

Let us turn to the basic sources: "Faith is the substance of things hoped for and the evidence of things not seen" (Heb. 11:1). So, "realization of what is expected" - what is it? First of all, this is what is needed, what is needed. For example, lost health or family well-being.

But how many believers, over the decades of their faith, have received the “expected”? This sometimes happens, but most often the state of a person - mental and physical - remains the same or becomes even worse from this fruitless expectation. But people still go to church and believe.

Instead of striving to get something, the very process of waiting, the endless and hopeless waiting for something, begins to prevail. This psychological state is expressed in the dogmatic prescription of the expectation of the posthumous Kingdom of Heaven. We can say that the entire religious culture of Orthodoxy is built on this.

Thus, instead of something specific, a believer begins to expect - if I may say so - the expectation itself. It…

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§ 12. What is religion?

Human. Society. State. Study guide for 11th gradea

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§ 12. What is ...

Faith is a person's perception of something (statements, evidence, facts, etc.) as true, truthful without prior verification, based only on an internal, subjective conviction that no longer needs any proof. Faith in human society exists in the form of certain creeds (religions, worldviews, ideologies, concepts). From the point of view of theories that identify being (existing) and truth, faith is one of the ways of seeing being. Faith in many cases is opposed to knowledge, which is based on a comprehensive study and explanation of the manifestations of being.

religious faith

Religious faith is confidence in the real existence of supernatural beings, special qualities in individual objects. In practice, this is faith in saints, prophets, teachers, clergymen, in the possibility of communicating with spirits, the truth of dogmas and religious texts. In theological understanding, religious faith acts as the highest manifestation of human consciousness, the highest ...

discipline: Spiritual culture

on the topic: Religion and religious faith

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Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

1. Religion…………………………………………………………………………………………………..4

2. Features of religious faith………………………………………………………………….5

3. Diversity of Religions……………………………………………………………………………….7

4. The role of religion in the modern world…………………………………………………………… 10

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………….14

List of used...

Religion and religious belief

Introduction.3

1. Religion.4

2. Features of religious faith.5

3. Diversity of religions 7

4. The role of religion in the modern world 10

Conclusion.14

List of used literature.16

Introduction

Religion is one of the oldest forms of spiritual culture. Religious ideas of people originated in ancient times. Like religious rites, cults, they

were of great variety. An important milestone in the history of mankind was the emergence of world religions: Buddhism, Christianity, Islam. At a certain stage in the development of religion, a church arises, in the bosom of which a spiritual hierarchy is formed, priests appear.

Religion has been the bearer of cultural values ​​since ancient times; it is itself one of the forms of culture. Majestic temples, masterfully executed frescoes and icons, wonderful literary and religious-philosophical works, church rites, moral…

religious faith. An integrative feature of religious consciousness is religious faith. Not every faith is a religious faith, the latter "lives" due to the presence of a special phenomenon in human psychology. Faith is a special psychological state of confidence in the achievement of a goal, the occurrence of an event, in the intended behavior of a person, in the truth of an idea, provided there is a shortage of accurate information about the achievability of the goal, about the final outcome of the event, the implementation of the expected behavior in practice, the result of verification. It contains the expectation that the desired will come true. This psychological state occurs in a probabilistic situation, when there is a certain degree of success of the action, a real possibility of a favorable outcome and knowledge of this possibility. If an event has taken place or it has become clear that it is impossible, if the behavior is realized or it is found that it will not be carried out, if the truth or falsity of the idea is proven, faith dies out. Faith comes from those...

1. Religion

The origin of the word "religion" is associated with the Latin verb relegere - "to treat with respect"; according to another version, it owes its origin to the verb religare - “to bind” (heaven and earth, deity and man). It is much more difficult to define the concept of "religion". There are a great many such definitions, they depend on the belonging of the authors to one or another philosophical school, tradition. Thus, Marxist methodology defined religion as a specific form of social consciousness, a perverted, fantastic reflection in the minds of people of external forces dominating them. A believer is likely to define religion as a relationship between God and man. There are also more neutral definitions: religion is a set of views and ideas, a system of beliefs and rituals that unites people who recognize them into one community. Religion is certain views and ideas of people, corresponding rites and cults.

Any religion...

religious consciousness

Religion is one of the forms of social consciousness. The main feature is that with its help many people communicate with reality. True, this is not the reality in which each of us lives every day, but one that exists beyond the bounds of the human mind. At the same time, religious consciousness arises, which helps people cope with life's difficulties, gain faith in their own strength, believe in tomorrow, and so on.

Features of religious consciousness

The specificity of religious consciousness lies in the fact that it is emotionally based on faith, and this, in turn, involves adhering to the accepted behavior in everyday life, not forgetting to perform the appropriate rites and rituals.

It should be noted that religion is…

Chapter IV

^ PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION

1. What is religion in terms of psychology?

2. Personally significant components of religion: religious faith, religious experience, religious behavior.

3. Religious personality; influence of religion on behavior.

4. Psychological consequences of an individual's involvement in a religious community.

^ 1. WHAT IS RELIGION

FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY?

Man in his religious behavior, thinking and feelings is the subject of the psychology of religion. How, on the basis of what criteria, does psychology distinguish a religious act from a non-religious one? Sociology answers this question by defining the social role of religious institutions - those functions that religion and only religion perform in society, in contrast to law, art or philosophy, that is, how it affects the development of the economy, political processes, etc. Meanwhile, the psychologist deals with religion as a mental phenomenon, and not a social one, that is, with those processes…

a kind of faith in which, without proof and individual verification of reality, the supernatural is recognized in one or another of its manifestations (God, gods, spirits, angels, etc.). A synonym for religion is the Christian faith, Islamic faith, etc. Religious faith is a specific state of a religious person, and therefore calls himself a believer.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

faith religious

FAITH RELIGIOUS- personal self-determination of a person in relation to his knowledge of the world and the place of a person in it, arising from a religious worldview. Religious self-determination is a person’s worldview and way of life, generated by a sense of connectedness, dependence on some entity elevated above him, a sense of reverence and reverence for a force that provides support and prescribes norms of behavior in relation to other people and to the world as a whole. There are two approaches that form two images, or appearances, V. R.: an approach, as it were, from the inside, from the state faith with the point of view of a believing person, convinced of the existence and active influence of the Deity on man and on everything that exists; and approach, as it were, from the outside, from the side of an external observer. This distinction is always present in V. p. with the leading role of the state of faith. But under certain historical conditions, it can acquire the character of opposition to each other. Within the framework of each of these approaches, a large number of more specific concepts of the nature of V. r. have developed, which can be grouped into 4 proto-concepts. In authoritarian concepts, the essence of V. r. is seen in the direct assimilation of all that is affirmed by Holy Scripture and church tradition (if we mean Christianity). In the second protoconcept of V. r. is considered as hypothetical knowledge that does not have and cannot have reliable grounds for it to turn into reliable knowledge. In concepts of the third kind, faith is interpreted as a special kind of internal mental or spiritual state of a person (for example, moral consciousness), which cannot be made the subject of objective theoretical consideration. In the concepts of the fourth kind of V. r. derived from personal religious experience, which can be supplemented and expanded thanks to the cumulative religious experience of people belonging to the same church tradition. In all these concepts, an important place is given to the interpretation of the cognitive status of V. r. This problem appears to be the most profoundly thought out in the concepts of spirituality, which derive it from the characteristics of religious experience and the religious knowledge that arises on its basis in comparison with philosophical and scientific knowledge. In religious cognition, the transformative activity of the subject is associated with the self-revealing activity of the object. The methodology of religious knowledge is based on the principles of dialogue. In the sphere of religious knowledge, the classical trichotomy is not respected: object-subject-means of cognition. The object of religious cognition becomes accessible to cognitive effort only to the extent that it enters into the human world. A person can use here only himself as an ontological "instrument" of cognition, a person, in principle, cannot be excluded from the act of cognition here. It follows from this that V. r. qualitatively differs from philosophical and scientific knowledge not in that it is not argued or is not sure of its subject, but in the ways in which its content is obtained and substantiated. IN AND. dried apricots